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arxiv: 2605.20117 · v1 · pith:AFKX4VUJnew · submitted 2026-05-19 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE · astro-ph.GA· hep-ph

The potential of diffuse Galactic Ridge neutrino measurements to constrain dark matter

Jaume Zuriaga-Puig , Pedro de la Torre Luque , Viviana Gammaldi This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-20 03:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.GAhep-ph
keywords dark matterneutrino astronomyGalactic RidgeANTARESindirect detectionWIMPsterile neutrinos
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The pith

ANTARES Galactic Ridge neutrino data can constrain both annihilating and decaying dark matter over wide mass ranges and final states.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper applies the most recent ANTARES measurements of neutrinos from the Galactic Ridge to indirect dark matter searches. It evaluates signals expected from both annihilation and decay of dark matter particles across many masses and particle channels, while subtracting the predicted astrophysical neutrino background. Different dark matter density profiles are tested, ranging from cuspy to cored distributions, and the analysis is extended to concrete models such as branons and heavy sterile neutrinos. The work shows what current limits look like and what sensitivity future neutrino telescopes could reach. A reader would care because a clean separation of any dark matter neutrino signal would give an independent handle on the nature and distribution of dark matter in the Milky Way.

Core claim

The latest ANTARES Galactic Ridge neutrino measurements can be used to constrain both annihilating and decaying dark matter scenarios across a wide range of masses and final states, after systematic comparison with astrophysical Galactic diffuse emission and for different allowed dark matter density profiles, including in the WIMP model-independent case and for branon and very heavy sterile neutrino models.

What carries the argument

Direct comparison of dark matter neutrino flux predictions, computed for annihilation and decay channels with varied galactic density profiles, against ANTARES data after subtraction of the modeled astrophysical diffuse background.

Load-bearing premise

The astrophysical Galactic diffuse neutrino emission can be accurately modeled and subtracted without significant contamination or uncertainty that would affect the isolation of any dark matter contribution.

What would settle it

A future measurement showing a neutrino flux in the Galactic Ridge that matches the astrophysical background prediction exactly, with no room for an additional component at the level predicted by any dark matter density profile or channel, would remove the claimed constraining power.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.20117 by Jaume Zuriaga-Puig, Pedro De la Torre Luque, Viviana Gammaldi.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: ANTARES 2022 neutrino flux of the Galactic Ridge region (light [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: ANTARES 2022 neutrino flux (light blue bands) compared with the expected neutrino flux in the Galactic Ridge from DM annihilation to the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Top panel: different Galactic DM density profiles used in this work, ranging from cuspy profiles (gNFW with γ = 1.4 (solid yellow line), Stars￾Spike (dotted green), NFW (solid blue) and Einasto (dot-dashed purple)) and the Burkert cored profile (dashed red). The vertical dotted lines represent the boundaries of the ANTARES Galactic Ridge (|b| ⩽ 2 ◦ , |l| ⩽ 30◦ ). Bottom panel: same color scheme as the top … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: 90% C.L. lower limits on the annihilation decay lifetime [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: 90% C.L. lower limits on the annihilation decay lifetime [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: 90% C.L. (yellow thick line) lower limits on the decay lifetime [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: 2σ flux uncertainty needed for a future neutrino telescope to be sensitive to a decay lifetime τ = 1029 s (left panel) and the thermal relic cross-section ⟨σv⟩th (right panel) for different annihilation channels. The horizontal grey lines represent the expected ideal maximum precision for KMN3Net. The constraints are computed with PPPC and assuming an NFW profile. Given the differences of the flux peaks am… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Left panel: branon annihilation branching ratios into di [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Lower limits to the branon tension f , where the black solid line rep￾resents the precise f value for branons to be the entire DM content. With the same color scheme as the right panel of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Lower limits (90% C.L.) for the decay lifetime of sterile neutrino DM for the total model (left panel: blue normal ordering, green inverted) and separated [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_10.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We use the latest ANTARES Galactic Ridge neutrino measurements to investigate their implications for indirect dark matter (DM) searches. We consider both annihilating and decaying DM scenarios, spanning a wide range of masses and final states, and systematically compare the resulting neutrino fluxes with the expected astrophysical Galactic diffuse emission. Furthermore, we compare the results for different DM density profiles allowed by the observations, from spike and cuspy to cored profiles. We do so for the WIMP model-independent scenario and explore two more specific models: branons and very heavy sterile neutrinos, where a cold DM candidate arises naturally from the theory. We show the potential neutrino measurements in the Galactic Ridge for DM and make predictions for future neutrino observatories.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper uses the latest ANTARES Galactic Ridge neutrino measurements to constrain both annihilating and decaying dark matter across a range of masses and final states. It systematically compares predicted DM neutrino fluxes to modeled astrophysical Galactic diffuse emission for multiple DM density profiles (spike, cuspy, cored) and explores WIMP model-independent cases plus specific models (branons, very heavy sterile neutrinos). Predictions for future neutrino observatories are also provided.

Significance. If the background modeling holds, the work provides a useful exploration of how Galactic Ridge neutrino data can probe DM parameter space, with explicit comparisons across profiles and models that highlight differences between annihilating and decaying scenarios. The inclusion of theory-motivated candidates like branons adds value beyond generic WIMP limits.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3] §3 (background modeling): The astrophysical Galactic diffuse neutrino flux is subtracted using a fixed model based on cosmic-ray interactions with gas; the manuscript does not propagate the 20-50% uncertainties arising from cosmic-ray propagation parameters, gas maps, and hadronic cross sections into the final DM limits. This omission is load-bearing for the central claim, as these uncertainties can absorb or mimic the smoother DM-induced component, particularly for decaying DM or cored profiles.
  2. [§4.2] §4.2 (results for decaying DM): The derived upper limits on the DM lifetime for cored profiles rely on the assumption that the subtracted background leaves a clean residual; without a dedicated sensitivity study varying the background normalization within its uncertainty range, it is unclear whether the reported constraints remain robust or become consistent with zero DM signal.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Figure 2] Figure 2: The legend for different DM profiles is difficult to distinguish in grayscale; adding line styles or markers would improve readability.
  2. [§2.1] §2.1: The notation for the neutrino yield per annihilation/decay (dN/dE) is introduced without an explicit reference to the PYTHIA or similar simulation settings used for the spectra.
  3. References: Several recent ANTARES publications on diffuse emission are cited, but the specific data release or public likelihood files used for the Ridge analysis should be stated explicitly for reproducibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the thorough review and constructive feedback on our manuscript. The comments highlight important aspects of background modeling that we will address to improve the robustness of our dark matter constraints. We respond to each major comment below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (background modeling): The astrophysical Galactic diffuse neutrino flux is subtracted using a fixed model based on cosmic-ray interactions with gas; the manuscript does not propagate the 20-50% uncertainties arising from cosmic-ray propagation parameters, gas maps, and hadronic cross sections into the final DM limits. This omission is load-bearing for the central claim, as these uncertainties can absorb or mimic the smoother DM-induced component, particularly for decaying DM or cored profiles.

    Authors: We agree that a more detailed treatment of the background uncertainties would strengthen the analysis. The current work uses the best available central model for the astrophysical flux as provided in the ANTARES publication. However, to address this concern, we will revise the manuscript to include a sensitivity study where the background normalization is varied within the quoted 20-50% range. This will demonstrate how the DM limits shift and confirm that the constraints remain informative even under conservative assumptions. The revised section 3 will incorporate these variations and discuss their implications for annihilating versus decaying DM scenarios. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§4.2] §4.2 (results for decaying DM): The derived upper limits on the DM lifetime for cored profiles rely on the assumption that the subtracted background leaves a clean residual; without a dedicated sensitivity study varying the background normalization within its uncertainty range, it is unclear whether the reported constraints remain robust or become consistent with zero DM signal.

    Authors: We acknowledge the validity of this point for the cored profiles in the decaying DM case, where the signal is more diffuse and thus more susceptible to background uncertainties. In the revised version, we will add a dedicated sensitivity analysis in section 4.2, varying the background by its estimated uncertainties and showing the resulting range of lifetime limits. This will clarify the robustness and indicate under which conditions the limits could be consistent with no DM signal. We believe this addition will resolve the concern while preserving the main conclusions for cuspy and spiked profiles where the DM signal is more distinct. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; constraints derived from external data comparison

full rationale

The paper computes neutrino fluxes from annihilating and decaying DM using standard halo profiles and annihilation/decay channels, then directly compares these predictions to ANTARES Galactic Ridge measurements after subtracting an independently modeled astrophysical diffuse background from cosmic-ray interactions. No step defines a DM parameter in terms of the final constraint, renames a fitted background as a DM prediction, or relies on a self-citation chain for a uniqueness theorem. Background modeling draws from external cosmic-ray propagation and gas maps; future observatory predictions are straightforward extrapolations of the same flux formulas. The derivation chain remains independent of its own outputs and uses external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The analysis rests on standard assumptions about DM density profiles and neutrino yields from annihilation/decay drawn from prior literature, plus the separability of astrophysical and DM neutrino components.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The Galactic diffuse neutrino emission can be modeled independently of dark matter contributions.
    Invoked when comparing predicted DM neutrino fluxes against the expected astrophysical background.

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discussion (0)

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