Resource-efficient algorithm for estimating the trace of quantum state powers

Estimating the trace of quantum state powers, $\text{Tr}(\rho^k)$, for $k$ identical quantum states is a fundamental task with numerous applications in quantum information processing, including nonlinear function estimation of quantum states and entanglement detection. On near-term quantum devices, reducing the required quantum circuit depth, the number of multi-qubit quantum operations, and the copies of the quantum state needed for such computations is crucial. In this work, inspired by the Newton-Girard method, we significantly improve upon existing results by introducing an algorithm that requires only $\mathcal{O}(\widetilde{r})$ qubits and $\mathcal{O}(\widetilde{r})$ multi-qubit gates, where $\widetilde{r} = \min\left\{\text{rank}(\rho), \left\lceil\ln\left({2k}/{\epsilon}\right)\right\rceil\right\}$. This approach is efficient, as it employs the $\tilde{r}$-entangled copy measurement instead of the conventional $k$-entangled copy measurement, while asymptotically preserving the known sample complexity upper bound. Furthermore, we prove that estimating $\{\text{Tr}(\rho^i)\}_{i=1}^{\tilde{r}}$ is sufficient to approximate $\text{Tr}(\rho^k)$ even for large integers $k > \widetilde{r}$. This leads to a rank-dependent complexity for solving the problem, providing an efficient algorithm for low-rank quantum states while also improving existing methods when the rank is unknown or when the state is not low-rank. Building upon these advantages, we extend our algorithm to the estimation of $\text{Tr}(M\rho^k)$ for arbitrary observables and $\text{Tr}(\rho^k \sigma^l)$ for multiple quantum states.