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Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization

As of 23 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 70 of 70 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:2501.18279.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2501.18279 v2

Coverage vector

measured 70 of 70 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.292513Z

measured 71 of 71 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-16T12:26:33.683557Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: pith, observed 2026-08-16T12:26:33.717522Z

Reference resolution

70 of 70 outbound references displayed

  • verified exact5
  • verified fuzzy33
  • unresolved25
  • parse uncertain0
  • malformed identifier4
  • metadata mismatch3

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 13da52e4-77f4-4fdd-a10c-4bb56a170eaf · outbound

This paper cites Ripple Labs Inc.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Ripple Labs Inc

Reference 1

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.824324Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.073764Z digest=sha256:5e19d1cce78d77eac11f17f95bd42eccc1027339eb46d0e7e5748ec0c84db7cd

Observation 873da9f4-4694-44b3-b608-0f55e107c53a · outbound

This paper cites In: Sadeghi, A.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Sadeghi, A

Reference 2

Resolution
verified exact
doi, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.362454Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.077477Z digest=sha256:c08e1a31bc053584ce8eaf4a0864ae2c834b149e778152c16cd99a52985b5d8d

Observation 2c66793e-8cb1-4329-ba2b-eb7d6d5e8557 · outbound

This paper cites IEEE access 9, 140549– 140564 (2021).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization IEEE access 9, 140549– 140564 (2021)

Reference 3

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.815649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.081451Z digest=sha256:40a3faf305593f9ad1182b54af0b3635cac0c7edb75bdf682987ee25b8072357

Observation e013914c-570a-480d-b958-89ff059e31ab · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 4

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.806973Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.085080Z digest=sha256:c4cffecbca92b8344df1ae1968cf1cc07c800c09a95aa36fafe322c0a56687e6

Observation 95fb302c-7f3e-4803-a5b6-6639430d8f92 · outbound

This paper cites Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024: Twenty-Eighth International Conference (2024).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024: Twenty-Eighth International Conference (2024)

Reference 5

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.797300Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.088792Z digest=sha256:959fe2301a091e2881f189b54e1c7e96d8305b6332461568d1f5e8cada4d726d

Observation e0806a40-4c75-4efd-b91f-3d55611e07c1 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.788934Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.091948Z digest=sha256:bdeb0773aea954f3d11b811e4bae7dd1805d89835ce649fab0404918e74730ab

Observation db91236d-27c5-4f56-97e6-ce008a884135 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.780802Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.095078Z digest=sha256:86a7399d8ca769a9cf996513de57f434f2e2675776214725621883b6a8e3252e

Observation d6afba82-212a-4a5c-acd3-c2d35dc37f16 · outbound

This paper cites Combining GHOST and Casper.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Combining GHOST and Casper

Reference 8

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.098867Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.098867Z digest=sha256:1713fd45745cffeefabd8928be13900587763c784ff70909866e9ac956a5721b

Observation d91d6f6f-b4b9-476b-9c66-4890f591b158 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 9

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.772823Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.102797Z digest=sha256:3f7932f9abf078a33f2bf1aab4779a9774ae7257196ce62da750fb951bd9237c

Observation 54835b64-b22b-4b9c-afbe-ce6988f569e8 · outbound

This paper cites The Evolution Of Centralisation on Cryptocurrency Platforms.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization The Evolution Of Centralisation on Cryptocurrency Platforms

Reference 10

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.344204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.106030Z digest=sha256:c181664ea9d4b21387d0e480131a792082be0b49164d5a0577646559b55bd255

Observation 4aa03126-b76b-4d4d-b26d-82cef87287d9 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 1st ChainScience Conference in Boston, MA, USA (2023).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Proceedings of the 1st ChainScience Conference in Boston, MA, USA (2023)

Reference 11

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.764603Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.109274Z digest=sha256:4afcfa70052b970d36373d84cf6e0aaa708a30bff31bfb0cefb01e048cd40a59

Observation 9a7b940e-1110-4116-add6-861e72706d86 · outbound

This paper cites On Decentralization of Bitcoin: An Asset Perspective.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization On Decentralization of Bitcoin: An Asset Perspective

Reference 12

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.332230Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.112760Z digest=sha256:6c5516656017c32515a1e2a860866f3108a35228fc92af0fef7f1b4f860b2259

Observation 16c5a382-f1a3-45dc-ad8d-4856bf536f1d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.756379Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.116474Z digest=sha256:e6459f6ee284b7479d22a760c2f93a6bf06cf0daa9f749ea954c1d82cafe0f21

Observation 2c0c461c-0c17-4dae-be2a-c48680815b23 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.748303Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.119486Z digest=sha256:504567317458e076b58617b25b0528aa393c0b6264aaf832117fdf3dc4ebbf0a

Observation 15227106-6475-4385-8827-e638e6ab049a · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.740194Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.122323Z digest=sha256:5f75c63ab4cfa63690f35000ae5de3d1ba9833115af211d2dbbcdb3a1fccf50f

Observation e70f701b-806c-4e53-b91c-23d4b8c55251 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.732207Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.125285Z digest=sha256:89adcb3d5260495c07d3be119449c3a67e2e0c7cf1684ddacb6b135cb39fb6a2

Observation 5cba50a2-f247-44d0-a636-9bd4ccfd3898 · outbound

This paper cites Oxford University Press (2011).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Oxford University Press (2011)

Reference 17

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.724009Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.128205Z digest=sha256:5d319419c2baf46c001357696ddf8a11f1817168bd62fc4227079a81aaa73184

Observation 4ad53c00-9a78-424b-ba57-1b8562f6505e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.715961Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.131066Z digest=sha256:b9af8b172357bd1bfad0dafdb1682adf68096b05bdc12feaba76701bafc953f6

Observation 6ddfbed4-1fb5-4231-a23c-e1cf0a213252 · outbound

This paper cites June6, 2019 (2019), https: //www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P060619.pdf.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization June6, 2019 (2019), https: //www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P060619.pdf

Reference 19

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.707940Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.134627Z digest=sha256:8f523e80ae23456c16686c7039f311a785be201f64c199746e3b7b4e9107e6e9

Observation a6d877d4-df13-46ba-b43a-a24bf39c266e · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution
verified exact
doi, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.352377Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.137517Z digest=sha256:31cb45eb1faa087f3d60b14f2862e6a7bdfaf8b8ae1d0e691df6a855e6a32d9c

Observation 32aaacc0-d0b5-4cdf-95ce-a3590fffd7e2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 21

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.699457Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.140752Z digest=sha256:c9bc921ebd0deabb2725006c9fcb377dac8534cfba229c82920ddbb407e09cc3

Observation cce30c9f-06e8-4151-8462-2066145b3e7c · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the 26th symposium on operating systems principles.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Proceedings of the 26th symposium on operating systems principles

Reference 22

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.691095Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.144410Z digest=sha256:6414c746c8c7d98d3214994d7a9ab96774fb5ef6884021b7c72e74a316016d20

Observation d85c8d02-0700-49e4-9178-55df3f30e0cd · outbound

This paper cites The economic journal31(121), 124–125 (1921).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization The economic journal31(121), 124–125 (1921)

Reference 23

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.682540Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.147797Z digest=sha256:1a6a96bfab9d3944b72e5fbbc07e66fb3c6e42ef422644a7a8484b807e911a93

Observation 173e057c-dff5-4451-b237-c4f23c321c6a · outbound

This paper cites IEEE Access8, 178372– 178390 (2020).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization IEEE Access8, 178372– 178390 (2020)

Reference 24

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.673854Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.150939Z digest=sha256:df54388b07631ee227c96461ba22457f5b646e7a886c322e3bcec7396543cf03

Observation 9ffab7d3-2283-4a2d-907a-5a151c5b7271 · outbound

This paper cites Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Layer: Participation and Decentralization.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Ethereum Proof-of-Stake Consensus Layer: Participation and Decentralization

Reference 25

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.153857Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.153857Z digest=sha256:44b314f7fac7733b1541c6dc215be1c2104f04bcda5e7c093cb7e544e532a49e

Observation cd3207b3-1f1b-4609-8ad4-d797f7f13b93 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution
verified exact
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.312547Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.156937Z digest=sha256:3dd47651723f722760e92616c11b3555756a7bceabfa2fd9921b9638b8a17e2c

Observation 595204ce-8220-4d19-aba2-b18e3cb2d9d6 · outbound

This paper cites Blockchain: Research and Applications4(1), 100109 (2023).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Blockchain: Research and Applications4(1), 100109 (2023)

Reference 27

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.665669Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.160904Z digest=sha256:d3433eb0b5d4bd4efc3bf6c8ed097dba66b6e4cfd779833e6df3ac70ccf919c4

Observation 47037dfb-7ed6-43b4-a3fe-cbf831feb3dd · outbound

This paper cites https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th- congress/house-bill/4763 (2024).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th- congress/house-bill/4763 (2024)

Reference 28

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.656556Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.163918Z digest=sha256:009efe4c70d118b984a2fa4fce067302001015d70f83c9ad0630ed8c0ee3b13f

Observation 423dc62b-388b-4a02-9681-1b9529bfdb1f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 29

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.648075Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.166772Z digest=sha256:f9b4dcf425b82b62dbc2bbf59de639e29c6668b3c463467012661b73f3dbe21e

Observation 4c1cf5d6-0525-46bc-8995-aa2c499bc1d2 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2022 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2022 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)

Reference 30

Resolution
malformed identifier
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.170174Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.170174Z digest=sha256:54e2391cb1185c03296cfd5eed0e980c0b0528dcb23e8fc350a5afdb69f3ccbe

Observation a84c87b7-26f4-4973-8b77-d7309d308c78 · outbound

This paper cites In: Tong, H., Li, Z.J., Zhu, F., Yu, J.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Tong, H., Li, Z.J., Zhu, F., Yu, J

Reference 31

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.173009Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.173009Z digest=sha256:ffe21839699d4d0d3f2af00014591a564011aab571d23113a7eedb26e128360a

Observation 740d5d04-ce61-487d-a068-0c9919a75929 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.639238Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.175829Z digest=sha256:320b45f58ea536c88ddacf5b806730bdcb0a0a2b78fa3da2ef7df0b22d9353f8

Observation 419bbc50-b8e4-48b5-9e4e-66ef48a7a496 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.630809Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.179040Z digest=sha256:fb68e310d353f6b8d4ef5e89d180b1b08e9161afcf81dd41b46662b35ad3bd25

Observation c1d861ac-458b-417e-8b30-2ebff82e830b · outbound

This paper cites Commodities 2(2), 96–110 (2023).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Commodities 2(2), 96–110 (2023)

Reference 34

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.622668Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.181946Z digest=sha256:0ea4602420103fa6f535a298a81a7c8a40789349bf312565dd9e420388c91a83

Observation 2680071d-d72e-4cb5-8f24-7451b5c4ce2f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution
malformed identifier
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.614435Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.184771Z digest=sha256:3e565063efa597034d172dc0513b9f337b1f9665f37eab2a02e7f7879694dc38

Observation 886c38ce-fab1-453f-83b0-ab35024a47fb · outbound

This paper cites PloS one9(2), e86197 (2014).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization PloS one9(2), e86197 (2014)

Reference 36

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.606120Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.188164Z digest=sha256:e0bd32551fa3d6270403375be05abd17154a499489999953b516c184b8a3bd9a

Observation 2845c1da-625b-44e7-81cb-11865f418ef7 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Omni- layer Intelligent Systems (COINS).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Omni- layer Intelligent Systems (COINS)

Reference 37

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.597942Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.191891Z digest=sha256:f95582a6b69745498d7a6bf1c95abc59bd06793af87e3aa1ec759d728637618c

Observation 2f8cf96f-134e-475f-936c-03a80f584405 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.589239Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.194685Z digest=sha256:941aa3e1a04888403b6535d6a6c9fe233331c44e12cdcdfa3b627abac11cad63

Observation ecf2f81f-a81d-4c6d-9859-0e3bd81165d5 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.581053Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.197545Z digest=sha256:dcc895e04a3134f1bd0f282b0ad247906ed8d8ad9787967a504ddca9cadb4932

Observation 0aee4cb6-b8bf-4460-a30e-f0da601e3c3c · outbound

This paper cites Future generation computer systems107, 841–853 (2020).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Future generation computer systems107, 841–853 (2020)

Reference 40

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.572835Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.200389Z digest=sha256:1104d24ee89710e41092b5aa15ff61575ff594ac61870090fa02fd852de537cb

Observation bae892b1-3f11-4123-8e3e-2fe2de7e1c8a · outbound

This paper cites , B.M.:.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization , B.M.:

Reference 41

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.564334Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.203860Z digest=sha256:8e8d4045ea73ff3c36b8abd39e164ad48c48b9843cbca111204c3fd6075f5b1f

Observation b69432db-8f4e-4586-9de3-f8653e5dc24f · outbound

This paper cites In: 2021 IEEE 37th Interna- 25 tional Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2021 IEEE 37th Interna- 25 tional Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW)

Reference 42

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.556000Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.206649Z digest=sha256:4862909af24205365c6bed5a87910ebadaecb51acfd4d331f9092a6571581630

Observation 11ffe5ed-d12c-4206-8a51-294e2f01efdc · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.547526Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.209458Z digest=sha256:f897ec5f8ea0ed75bd3d01d822272c1850843fb2632d521608d092711c118765

Observation 08fb5e93-ee85-4ced-8a67-7bec06d2da42 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)

Reference 44

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.539363Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.212515Z digest=sha256:62b0096f18678a5e3aa2957ec74945953c9c19cf0f9eb0b0e90cdcb1160b34f3

Observation 1b57365e-286b-4b1d-a562-705df6ee2ead · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.215428Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.215428Z digest=sha256:4645e18c149816c899a54407bc0ecbe9489395783aea4a9182802555a761c280

Observation 6bc2cb10-9a69-4edd-af70-1458aa8d050f · outbound

This paper cites In: Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Companion Proceedings of the ACM on Web Conference 2024

Reference 46

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.531145Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.218510Z digest=sha256:8ce46d82d29855a0022dd4c7e6b9577935986c0f5b752dffe94be5566bf4e6e3

Observation 2a35f6e4-6a03-47b8-bd2d-91325f129a42 · outbound

This paper cites European Journal of Information Systems (07 2022).https: //doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2125840.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization European Journal of Information Systems (07 2022).https: //doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2125840

Reference 47

Resolution
verified exact
arxiv_id_nonexistent, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:04.188609Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.221460Z digest=sha256:9ad83ee4fec0a5426ed2ad0d8e29eab75cd4d096bae383721fa2e60de352df8a

Observation 5190fe25-e9ac-4025-8721-f1d049e7639c · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 48

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.522850Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.224338Z digest=sha256:bb180fb0e96d432b0000439bb11f242c009e705fe09733b0514176cce3f1a5b4

Observation 7df39f34-998d-46a7-90ea-5bc6d71cf31d · outbound

This paper cites In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024: Twenty- Eighth International Conference.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024: Twenty- Eighth International Conference

Reference 49

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.514653Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.227129Z digest=sha256:17541fc333b7725eac7562856c8a27a3da3e9a179df7f08a2b772ae609de4e55

Observation c28cf2f9-ae4a-454d-9083-893c55b5a806 · outbound

This paper cites In: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on AI in Finance.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Proceedings of the Third ACM International Conference on AI in Finance

Reference 50

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.505592Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.230371Z digest=sha256:749d6dd45bb16b009ee032e13a4c850ce2d0b9e9bba66f5c2a910608846abe20

Observation afe0d1fe-fc28-483c-b76e-fe19373e2d29 · outbound

This paper cites Royal Society open science6(1), 180817 (2019).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Royal Society open science6(1), 180817 (2019)

Reference 51

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.496962Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.233179Z digest=sha256:9c66a64fb21d7b531e0ffd8238fff0dad4b476e5f8afe76b88fe25e17e23b7f5

Observation b025d7dc-5e6d-4e41-bc71-707a80e90205 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 52

Resolution
malformed identifier
doi_truncated, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.337312Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.236268Z digest=sha256:b4a979b68b4f0233ad83d135966548dfeae8564a30101cb5d9e453b656d589ce

Observation 616dcc07-e830-4f8d-9dbb-80ed24b9c01c · outbound

This paper cites A Deep Dive into Bitcoin Mining Pools: An Empirical Analysis of Mining Shares.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization A Deep Dive into Bitcoin Mining Pools: An Empirical Analysis of Mining Shares

Reference 53

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.384364Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.240160Z digest=sha256:7704f14f593904425970692a7d5ad4146b865b63d3dd4ecf839596f711bd334c

Observation 4041536b-a29a-4b3b-9fb7-ac13554df474 · outbound

This paper cites In: Sadeghi, A.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Sadeghi, A

Reference 54

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.243348Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.243348Z digest=sha256:98d0c113c9edca5dc8ca21b645098b1c952465c9dd9a3f8b7fc7b5d14fc18f88

Observation b150aa84-6dca-4a6f-813c-92cb6c6ed0eb · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 55

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.487611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.246251Z digest=sha256:b0f5ed25feb160ad97eb6c0b74e6564bc90ec5120a285efae23d177ee06c59b3

Observation 7a5d0cad-3050-4a1a-8853-2a48e7bdc140 · outbound

This paper cites Frontiers in blockchain4, 730122 (2021).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Frontiers in blockchain4, 730122 (2021)

Reference 56

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.479220Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.249325Z digest=sha256:f5e30faa0bb847312b07b457016dcf5827a6b8cb05724b0ff17a7cb62aeed23a

Observation 042ac2bf-7ae0-4d50-bb58-7a6e08508bfd · outbound

This paper cites Studies in comparative international development38, 32–56 (2003) 26.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Studies in comparative international development38, 32–56 (2003) 26

Reference 57

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.469764Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.252177Z digest=sha256:2e449f18b74c031748d34d7a844647bbe02520f7baff5e891e33bccab10aad03

Observation 0b9c4a05-a5e2-4839-9ee7-ad91fceb5cc0 · outbound

This paper cites investment contract.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization investment contract

Reference 58

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.460546Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.254814Z digest=sha256:d09e87cf474bd422af1e95882e85ab85c9f1261c8b95af692a4cfb7894055b5e

Observation fc9b8fbf-0e4a-484c-ab4d-a7c383cd5668 · outbound

This paper cites The Bell system tech- nical journal 27(3), 379–423 (1948).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization The Bell system tech- nical journal 27(3), 379–423 (1948)

Reference 59

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.450976Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.257982Z digest=sha256:09346f0006df5415a015c6998a255b896db500d805a5aa11a3e31033e2504388

Observation 4452c509-cf52-42f1-86dc-d8fdaefa3518 · outbound

This paper cites 2029–2031.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization 2029–2031

Reference 60

Resolution
verified exact
doi, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.321807Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.261166Z digest=sha256:448d43a80a706c050244f354de14b3b4eda936fbaa33cc32aefd3c968425407e

Observation 13002d67-0fed-41bc-819e-17ca52bec37d · outbound

This paper cites American Journal of Ap- plied Mathematics and Statistics9, 4–11 (01 2021).https://doi.org/10.12691/ ajams-9-1-2.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization American Journal of Ap- plied Mathematics and Statistics9, 4–11 (01 2021).https://doi.org/10.12691/ ajams-9-1-2

Reference 61

Resolution
malformed identifier
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.440905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.264218Z digest=sha256:3e49fd83c400289ecd4e5733be9aab61426ba1a444a1fae22620f76d8caa1102

Observation d9444803-ce07-44ac-b032-103fa137f9ec · outbound

This paper cites earn.com/quantifying-decentralization-e39db233c28e.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization earn.com/quantifying-decentralization-e39db233c28e

Reference 62

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.431254Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.267514Z digest=sha256:7f1803d0bf1a0d63109a7a91b17cc6baa632c44ee41dc0b997e9cdca29b6d606

Observation 8dc7d839-4f58-4886-9208-187450e04ab2 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Unresolved cited work

Reference 63

Resolution
unresolved
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.420988Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.270410Z digest=sha256:ffec3d608bce1d8257041e4565e78a15f0f4d917c78c20205c3a0cb508cbe416

Observation c875895e-11b2-433c-ab75-3177a39b375a · outbound

This paper cites IT Professional21(2), 33–40 (2019).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization IT Professional21(2), 33–40 (2019)

Reference 64

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.411233Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.274147Z digest=sha256:9ae28440e77dd6444baa3c099e8c57fa34f46e45fe6e470675a0d0ea04af622a

Observation e1c933a8-9f1a-454a-843d-17a5bd87f054 · outbound

This paper cites In: Financial Cryptogra- phy and Data Security: 24th International Conference, FC 2020, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 10–14, 2020 Revised Selected Papers 24.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: Financial Cryptogra- phy and Data Security: 24th International Conference, FC 2020, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, February 10–14, 2020 Revised Selected Papers 24

Reference 65

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.401204Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.277092Z digest=sha256:de0041fdc79a9cb5284996433a59ae9989e6470a9706cf3c415d543d84af087a

Observation 83ff9cb6-a0d8-4160-9be7-0a4a64eec5cb · outbound

This paper cites In: 2020 6th International Conference on Big Data Computing and Communications (BIGCOM).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2020 6th International Conference on Big Data Computing and Communications (BIGCOM)

Reference 66

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.390594Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.280004Z digest=sha256:128864047a6ff34e4139f813082320dd7544ead540549c58db9c9fa9f2c77089

Observation d23e1bd1-08d9-4ba5-bb2f-8dbe1ce54f14 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2019 IEEE 9th Inter- national Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC).

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: 2019 IEEE 9th Inter- national Conference on Electronics Information and Emergency Communication (ICEIEC)

Reference 67

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.381091Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.283017Z digest=sha256:294e85946f28bfd9ea911b2b612a6278d8e80d00cf5d8472b0326511d676b1b4

Observation ea35bbc1-0054-4896-bb07-74dc743a1e27 · outbound

This paper cites Analyzing Reward Dynamics and Decentralization in Ethereum 2.0: An Advanced Data Engineering Workflow and Comprehensive Datasets for Proof-of-Stake Incentives.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization Analyzing Reward Dynamics and Decentralization in Ethereum 2.0: An Advanced Data Engineering Workflow and Comprehensive Datasets for Proof-of-Stake Incentives

Reference 68

Resolution
unresolved
no resolver link, observed 2026-08-10T00:08:58.285989Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.285989Z digest=sha256:8ecf876a37db3d9a9eb72ecd22669a7fb3494820cfcf4e62787402a7456e2302

Observation fec44fd7-a5a4-43fd-a38a-90f67cccdde2 · outbound

This paper cites In: IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization In: IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications

Reference 69

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.371323Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.289410Z digest=sha256:5f3391295ab8bae39cad9596a44d2fa56bce31d7e74cf5ff1c8a908bd3b68fa7

Observation 1dcf730c-fe6b-493a-970a-95784ca3c195 · outbound

This paper cites tag” of a mining pool). For tokenomics, we collect data about each address that holds a non-zero amount of the system’s native token and its cor- responding “balance.

SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization tag” of a mining pool). For tokenomics, we collect data about each address that holds a non-zero amount of the system’s native token and its cor- responding “balance

Reference 70

Resolution
verified fuzzy
raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-10T00:09:49.362339Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-10T00:08:58.292513Z digest=sha256:745d10f309e5fd451e5719440a0de34dacfb4b4f8a4eca830ef73a1be1abf9a4

Pith citing papers

Observation b96bb72a-4779-4045-af26-77524d7cb436 · inbound

Enhancing Decentralization in Blockchain Decision-Making Through Quadratic Voting and Its Generalization cites this paper.

Enhancing Decentralization in Blockchain Decision-Making Through Quadratic Voting and Its Generalization SoK: Measuring Blockchain Decentralization

Reference 12

Resolution
metadata mismatch
local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-16T12:26:33.723175Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-23T06:30:58.430688+00:00.

source=pdf_text observed=2026-08-16T12:26:33.683557Z digest=sha256:004f330c0d1e3a00e2a19f01991ec684d34671f8bc41a647c725c4fe4e0a00e3