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DRAKE: Dark matter Relic Abundance beyond Kinetic Equilibrium

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arxiv 2103.01944 v2 pith:COAOF2XE submitted 2021-03-02 hep-ph astro-ph.CO

classification hep-phastro-ph.CO
keywords densitydrakerelicdarkmatterannihilationkineticabundance
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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We introduce DRAKE, a numerical precision tool for predicting the dark matter relic abundance also in situations where the standard assumption of kinetic equilibrium during the freeze-out process may not be satisfied. DRAKE comes with a set of three dedicated Boltzmann equation solvers that implement, respectively, the traditionally adopted equation for the dark matter number density, fluid-like equations that couple the evolution of number density and velocity dispersion, and a full numerical evolution of the phase-space distribution. We review the general motivation for these approaches and, for illustration, highlight three concrete classes of models where kinetic and chemical decoupling are intertwined in a way that quantitatively impacts the relic density: i) dark matter annihilation via a narrow resonance, ii) Sommerfeld-enhanced annihilation and iii) `forbidden' annihilation to final states that are kinematically inaccessible at threshold. We discuss all these cases in some detail, demonstrating that the commonly adopted, traditional treatment can result in an estimate of the relic density that is wrong by up to an order of magnitude. The public release of DRAKE, along with several examples of how to calculate the relic density in concrete models, is provided at drake.hepforge.org

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Conversions in two-component dark sectors: a phase space level analysis

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    In the double Coy dark matter model, full phase-space Boltzmann evolution with conversions changes relic abundances by up to an order of magnitude per component and by more than 100% for the total in some parameter regions.

  2. Singlet-doublet dark matter beyond freeze-out

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    In the small-coupling limit of the singlet-doublet dark matter model, the relic density is set by co-scattering, freeze-in, or SuperWIMP decays rather than ordinary freeze-out, and the observable signals move from dir...

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    In a scalar-plus-pseudoscalar mediator model, decoupled freeze-out can produce the observed dark matter relic density via s-wave annihilation while evading CMB limits, though indirect-detection and BBN bounds leave on...

  4. Freezing-in Cannibals with Low-reheating Temperature

    hep-ph 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Non-instantaneous (low-temperature) reheating combined with 3-to-2 cannibal self-interactions reshapes the freeze-in dark matter parameter space and opens new light-DM regions for future colliders.

  5. Computing singlet scalar freeze-out with plasmon and plasmino states

    hep-ph 2025-05 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    A full thermal-resummation computation shows that plasmon and plasmino corrections leave the TeV-scale singlet scalar annihilation cross section essentially unchanged, reconfirming existing relic density constraints.

  6. The Simplest Dark Matter Model at the Edge of Perturbativity

    hep-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    At next-to-leading order, the real scalar singlet dark matter model is viable only for masses above about 20 TeV, and the complex scalar version is excluded in its perturbative regime.

  7. Minimal Dirac seesaw dark matter

    hep-ph 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A Z4-symmetric Dirac seesaw makes the imaginary part of a seesaw scalar a stable dark matter candidate and links its phenomenology to gravitational wave and CMB observables.

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