Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

AI Propaganda factories with language models

As of 18 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 41 of 41 outbound references and 2 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2508.20186.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
2508.20186 v1

Coverage vector

measured 41 of 41 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.650188Z

measured 43 of 43 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00

measured 2 of 2 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-12T14:16:58.054242Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-07-02T15:47:06.405934Z

Reference resolution

41 of 41 outbound references displayed

verified exact1
verified fuzzy25
unresolved15
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch0

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation ec30c7e8-6de8-4087-8700-4fdd9ad7792c · outbound

This paper cites Official Journal of the European Union, July.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Official Journal of the European Union, July

Reference 1

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.132046Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 64b86e87-a212-4ebc-8cbb-7480a57a43c3 · outbound

This paper cites Preprint.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Preprint

Reference 2

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.123202Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a8d66146-810a-4fb2-bea0-7ec6e93c4326 · outbound

This paper cites LLMs instead of Human Judges? A Large Scale Empirical Study across 20 NLP Evaluation Tasks.

AI Propaganda factories with language models LLMs instead of Human Judges? A Large Scale Empirical Study across 20 NLP Evaluation Tasks

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.532441Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 3be58a70-874c-41a5-a914-924742e4802b · outbound

This paper cites Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Small Language Models are the Future of Agentic AI

Reference 4

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.535992Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1ef6e074-b7dd-4fa4-9439-f780ad56e336 · outbound

This paper cites O’Reilly Media, Inc.

AI Propaganda factories with language models O’Reilly Media, Inc

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.539401Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 81dba4c5-1097-4706-97e4-fcd0bb0cd65d · outbound

This paper cites Ai-pocalypse now? disinformation,AI, and the super election year.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Ai-pocalypse now? disinformation,AI, and the super election year

Reference 6

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.109015Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 3935392a-7bee-48b3-8419-d9d071106bb1 · outbound

This paper cites What is the Role of Small Models in the LLM Era: A Survey.

AI Propaganda factories with language models What is the Role of Small Models in the LLM Era: A Survey

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.545392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 7ca6ff7e-7291-42e7-b0a7-8154f94ce8c5 · outbound

This paper cites Emotionqueen: A benchmark for evaluating empathy of large language models, 2024.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Emotionqueen: A benchmark for evaluating empathy of large language models, 2024

Reference 8

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.100432Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 30f8377c-0112-4c4b-b5bb-bf036c9b1daf · outbound

This paper cites Meta to roll outAI-powered chat- bot personas across facebook and instagram, December 2024.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Meta to roll outAI-powered chat- bot personas across facebook and instagram, December 2024

Reference 9

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.091945Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d3907eba-4283-47dc-ae61-0e33c2637928 · outbound

This paper cites InternationalAI safety report 2025.

AI Propaganda factories with language models InternationalAI safety report 2025

Reference 10

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.083169Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c624e836-02ad-4d3e-ad6b-6f5508e15a0d · outbound

This paper cites Why do states choose covert action? Intelligence and National Security, pages 1–16, 2025.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Why do states choose covert action? Intelligence and National Security, pages 1–16, 2025

Reference 11

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.074817Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d5a7f7a3-a3f0-4dc4-95cd-c73eb659cf16 · outbound

This paper cites Global risks report.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Global risks report

Reference 12

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.065562Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e8bb00c3-a9c9-404e-88fd-29d8ddd7da60 · outbound

This paper cites We need a new ethics for a world of AI agents.

AI Propaganda factories with language models We need a new ethics for a world of AI agents

Reference 13

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.047611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a6476b50-332d-4bbd-9a47-bd19b6088110 · outbound

This paper cites Goldstein and Brett V.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Goldstein and Brett V

Reference 14

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.038551Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c6358ba4-6142-4704-9fea-2d428fb7ecee · outbound

This paper cites Generative Language Models and Automated Influence Operations: Emerging Threats and Potential Mitigations.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Generative Language Models and Automated Influence Operations: Emerging Threats and Potential Mitigations

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.573391Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation bb813b88-501c-4d6a-80f8-07f5f88e6c52 · outbound

This paper cites The Levers of Political Persuasion with Conversational AI.

AI Propaganda factories with language models The Levers of Political Persuasion with Conversational AI

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.576722Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation fb2633ca-139c-4746-b605-2b0b1a1ec3dd · outbound

This paper cites Quantifying the persona effect in llm simula- tions.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Quantifying the persona effect in llm simula- tions

Reference 17

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.030325Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b5776585-c199-44fa-a046-3301ecbdb42e · outbound

This paper cites How Well Do LLMs Represent Values Across Cultures? Empirical Analysis of LLM Responses Based on Hofstede Cultural Dimensions.

AI Propaganda factories with language models How Well Do LLMs Represent Values Across Cultures? Empirical Analysis of LLM Responses Based on Hofstede Cultural Dimensions

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.582806Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation ed473979-e5ca-4724-b0cb-65eb169cbeb2 · outbound

This paper cites Stick to your Role! Stability of Personal Values Expressed in Large Language Models.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Stick to your Role! Stability of Personal Values Expressed in Large Language Models

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.586289Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c78554ef-9d0d-411c-9dcf-9b37b1051e76 · outbound

This paper cites Trustworthy LLMs: a survey and guideline for evaluating large language models’ alignment, 2024.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Trustworthy LLMs: a survey and guideline for evaluating large language models’ alignment, 2024

Reference 20

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.022072Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation bff565e4-7b0c-4593-8030-ebde94bc097b · outbound

This paper cites Matz, Roy Araya, Joe J.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Matz, Roy Araya, Joe J

Reference 21

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.012975Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 07741c79-d299-40ae-8c57-91df7c7f9bec · outbound

This paper cites Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: Common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Polarization and the global crisis of democracy: Common patterns, dynamics, and pernicious consequences for democratic polities

Reference 22

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.004782Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 08e94022-d13c-4834-a1ea-344dc4232a58 · outbound

This paper cites A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models.

AI Propaganda factories with language models A Survey of Context Engineering for Large Language Models

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.598417Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation e5019b97-bd3b-4bd1-ae4f-8580c7fcfc29 · outbound

This paper cites Fundamental exploration of evaluation metrics for persona characteristics of text utterances.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Fundamental exploration of evaluation metrics for persona characteristics of text utterances

Reference 24

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.995829Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 59623cf4-2efe-4cc0-8790-76565d64403d · outbound

This paper cites Nato releases revised ai strategy.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Nato releases revised ai strategy

Reference 25

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.987393Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a9807b33-82a0-48f8-ac6d-a96b50de9348 · outbound

This paper cites Cognitive warfare exploratory concept.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Cognitive warfare exploratory concept

Reference 26

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.978378Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 16ad63ed-c3f4-4aaa-9ff4-335917be02e1 · outbound

This paper cites Measurement in the Age of LLMs: An Application to Ideological Scaling.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Measurement in the Age of LLMs: An Application to Ideological Scaling

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.610847Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation b7c63c72-c3a4-4529-b2e3-2ccbb16ade33 · outbound

This paper cites Propaganda: From Disinformation and Influence to Operations and Information Warfare.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Propaganda: From Disinformation and Influence to Operations and Information Warfare

Reference 28

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.969806Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 3873bd15-b1ec-4055-8bed-80e62cc11d60 · outbound

This paper cites Disrupting malicious uses ofAI.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Disrupting malicious uses ofAI

Reference 29

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.960905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c7800933-e057-44a5-b02a-1595441cac7f · outbound

This paper cites Openai o3-mini system card.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Openai o3-mini system card

Reference 30

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.952045Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation dd48bb7e-6d25-43e7-806a-71334f2ca365 · outbound

This paper cites LLMs Among Us: Generative AI Participating in Digital Discourse.

AI Propaganda factories with language models LLMs Among Us: Generative AI Participating in Digital Discourse

Reference 31

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.833876Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d001ac5b-9096-4e29-83d5-c4ab651d24fb · outbound

This paper cites The effect of sampling temperature on problem solving in large language models.

AI Propaganda factories with language models The effect of sampling temperature on problem solving in large language models

Reference 32

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.942872Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 212b5f67-1382-41e1-89b1-1ab96fcc6991 · outbound

This paper cites PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMs.

AI Propaganda factories with language models PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMs

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.628251Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 981cf37e-545e-4293-bb2c-f119ab345f6b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.631393Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90dde616-3619-4e6d-9995-f8c2e95b1e28 · outbound

This paper cites Elon musk’s grokAI chatbot sparks controversy after offensive outputs on x, 2025.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Elon musk’s grokAI chatbot sparks controversy after offensive outputs on x, 2025

Reference 35

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.934244Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation f5afb460-96dc-4399-a1f3-53f982047ded · outbound

This paper cites The spread of true and false news online.

AI Propaganda factories with language models The spread of true and false news online

Reference 36

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.925226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d9f2f777-4479-4f43-8264-26c864e409c7 · outbound

This paper cites A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness.

AI Propaganda factories with language models A Comprehensive Survey of Small Language Models in the Era of Large Language Models: Techniques, Enhancements, Applications, Collaboration with LLMs, and Trustworthiness

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.640611Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation dd0bb244-766b-40a7-bb26-8341a1390907 · outbound

This paper cites Systematic Evaluation of LLM-as-a-Judge in LLM Alignment Tasks: Explainable Metrics and Diverse Prompt Templates.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Systematic Evaluation of LLM-as-a-Judge in LLM Alignment Tasks: Explainable Metrics and Diverse Prompt Templates

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.643649Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation caf7938e-875d-4121-b516-df65c00ba2d8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

AI Propaganda factories with language models Unresolved cited work

Reference 39

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.916608Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation d587c4ad-ad64-4af0-a5cf-186a269c1d4d · outbound

This paper cites SCORE: X.

AI Propaganda factories with language models SCORE: X

Reference 40

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:32.908223Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 37164493-2e03-47b5-9eac-197822fde5d0 · outbound

This paper cites 20th edition; based on the Global Risks Perception Survey 2024–2025.

AI Propaganda factories with language models 20th edition; based on the Global Risks Perception Survey 2024–2025

Reference 2025

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-05T15:21:33.056453Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation be0370ef-c418-4d4c-9f88-869470a16a88 · inbound

Political Persuasion and Endorsement in Large Language Models cites this paper.

Political Persuasion and Endorsement in Large Language Models AI Propaganda factories with language models

Reference 73

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-07-02T15:47:06.407193Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation ea9b7716-261f-4c1a-9075-6e796a58d0c8 · inbound

IO Factory: Simulating AI-Enabled Influence Campaigns at Scale cites this paper.

IO Factory: Simulating AI-Enabled Influence Campaigns at Scale AI Propaganda factories with language models

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-12T14:16:58.054242Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.