Cosmic dark radiation and neutrinos

New measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by the Planck mission have greatly increased our knowledge about the Universe. Dark radiation, a weakly interacting component of radiation, is one of the important ingredients in our cosmological model which is testable by Planck and other observational probes. At the moment the possible existence of dark radiation is an unsolved question. For instance, the discrepancy between the value of the Hubble constant, H_0, inferred from the Planck data and local measurements of H_0 can to some extent be alleviated by enlarging the minimal LambdaCDM model to include additional relativistic degrees of freedom. From a fundamental physics point of view dark radiation is no less interesting. Indeed, it could well be one of the most accessible windows to physics beyond the standard model. An example of this is that sterile neutrinos, hinted at in terrestrial oscillation experiments, might also be a source of dark radiation, and cosmological observations can therefore be used to test specific particle physics models. Here we review the most recent cosmological results including a complete investigation of the dark radiation sector in order to provide an overview of models that are still compatible with new cosmological observations. Furthermore we update the cosmological constraints on neutrino physics and dark radiation properties focussing on tensions between data sets and degeneracies among parameters that can degrade our information or mimic the existence of extra species.