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Unveiling the Universe with Emerging Cosmological Probes
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The detection of the accelerated expansion of the Universe has been one of the major breakthroughs in modern cosmology. Several cosmological probes (CMB, SNe Ia, BAO) have been studied in depth to better understand the nature of the mechanism driving this acceleration, and they are being currently pushed to their limits, obtaining remarkable constraints that allowed us to shape the standard cosmological model. In parallel to that, however, the percent precision achieved has recently revealed apparent tensions between measurements obtained from different methods. These are either indicating some unaccounted systematic effects, or are pointing toward new physics. Following the development of CMB, SNe, and BAO cosmology, it is critical to extend our selection of cosmological probes. Novel probes can be exploited to validate results, control or mitigate systematic effects, and, most importantly, to increase the accuracy and robustness of our results. This review is meant to provide a state-of-art benchmark of the latest advances in emerging beyond-standard cosmological probes. We present how several different methods can become a key resource for observational cosmology. In particular, we review cosmic chronometers, quasars, gamma-ray bursts, standard sirens, lensing time-delay with galaxies and clusters, cosmic voids, neutral hydrogen intensity mapping, surface brightness fluctuations, stellar ages of the oldest objects, secular redshift drift, and clustering of standard candles. The review describes the method, systematics, and results of each probe in a homogeneous way, giving the reader a clear picture of the available innovative methods that have been introduced in recent years and how to apply them. The review also discusses the potential synergies and complementarities between the various probes, exploring how they will contribute to the future of modern cosmology.
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Cited by 22 Pith papers
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Why Cosmic Voids Matter: Pristine Evolution
Cosmic voids traced by halos become stable at late times, and the matter around them evolves linearly, supporting their use as clean dark-energy probes.
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A Quantitative Framework for Testing the Hubble Tension in a Bianchi Type I Cosmological Background
An analytic weak-shear Bianchi I calculation bounds the low-redshift luminosity-distance quadrupole to |Aμ(0.15)|≲2.4×10^-11 mag under BBN shear limits, ruling out shear-only resolution of the Hubble tension.
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Cosmological consequences of scale-dependent Barrow-Tsallis entropy
A scale-dependent Barrow-Tsallis entropy cosmology fits cosmic data but is statistically disfavored versus ΛCDM, with only a modest and partially circular Hubble-tension 'alleviation'.
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Modified Cosmology from Mass-to-Horizon Relation: Observational Bounds
Observational constraints pin the MHR entropy exponent to |m−1|≲10⁻⁴ when γ is fixed, and Bayesian evidence disfavors all tested horizon-entropy extensions relative to ΛCDM.
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Can Distance Duality Violation Save Late-time Solutions to the Hubble Tension?
For fixed sound-horizon and supernova calibrations, no late-time modification—even one violating cosmic distance duality—can resolve the Hubble tension, because the required ~8-10% CDDR violation is excluded by BAO, c...
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The cosmic tetrarchy: four estimators breaking the assumption degeneracy in cosmological distance tensions
The cosmic tetrarchy decomposes BAO-based measurements into four channels that isolate distinct assumptions to test whether the dimensionless sound-horizon ratio remains a single redshift-independent number.
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Cosmic voids evolution in modified gravity via hydrodynamics
Voids in luminal Galileon gravity are always unscreened, and a reality requirement on the fifth force rules out ~82% of the favored parameter space, yielding a redshift-dependent minimum void depth.
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A microphysically inspired approach to dark matter-dark energy interactions: first bounds on dark-sector scattering cross sections
A microphysically motivated Q∝ρ² dark-sector interaction is constrained by cosmological data, giving upper limits A<7.6×10⁻²⁵, B<0.048, and H₀=67.71±0.65 km/s/Mpc.
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Nonlinear reconstruction of general dark energy theories
A reconstruction method is derived that turns background expansion and linear perturbation data into full non-linear Lagrangians for quintessence, scalar-tensor, k-essence, and shift-symmetric cubic Galileon dark ener...
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Quasar cosmology II: joint analyses with Cosmic Microwave Background
Quasar, supernova, BAO, DES, and CMB data are jointly compatible only in an interacting dark-energy model, not in Lambda-CDM, wCDM, or CPL.
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Void spin distribution as a powerful probe of $\sigma_{8}$
Void spin distributions, fitted by a generalized Gamma function, are shown in simulations to vary sensitively with sigma8 but not with Omega_cdm h^2, neutrino mass, or dark energy equation of state, offering a new deg...
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Cosmological constraints and standard sirens forecasts for non-dynamical dark energy in Horndeski gravity
Standard sirens from third-generation detectors could measure H0 to 0.21% in Extended Cuscuton models, but the forecast omits the modified GW luminosity distance.
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Cosmic CORALS: Timing the Universe with high-z star clusters
Star clusters at z=9.6 combined with local globular cluster ages give H0=70(+27,-16) km/s/Mpc and Omega_m=0.33(+0.37,-0.21), with a forecast that ~300 clusters could reach 4% precision.
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Model-independent late-universe measurements of $H_0$ and $\Omega_K$ with the parametrization based on cosmic age-improved inverse distance ladder
A cosmic-age-based inverse distance ladder with DESI DR2, DESY5, SGL, CC and GRB data gives H0=71.59±0.94 km/s/Mpc and ΩK=0.001±0.038.
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Investigating the cosmic distance duality relation with gamma-ray bursts
Combined gamma-ray burst and multi-probe data show no significant violation of the cosmic distance duality relation and prefer a Planck-like Hubble constant.
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A Joint Analysis of Strong Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae to Determine the Hubble Constant
A model-independent combination of strong lensing and supernova data gives H0 = 70.55 ± 7.44 km/s/Mpc, consistent with both Planck and SH0ES within 1sigma.
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Little ado about everything II: an `emergent' dark energy from structure formation to rule cosmic tensions
An ensemble-averaged stochastic cosmology with a 'little ado' noise term produces an emergent dark energy that fits late-time data and claims to relieve the H0 and f sigma8 tensions.
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Is excess smoothing of Planck CMB ansiotropy data partially responsible for evidence for dark energy dynamics in other $w(z)$CDM parametrizations?
In three new w(z)CDM parametrizations, Planck CMB plus non-CMB data favor evolving dark energy over a cosmological constant at roughly 2 sigma when the Planck lensing anomaly parameter is fixed, and at roughly 1 sigma...
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New generalization of the Barboza-Alcaniz parametrization of Dark energy
A generalized Barboza-Alcaniz dark-energy parametrization with a free exponent n is fit to cosmological data, but the model analyzed does not actually resolve the future-time problem it was designed to fix.
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Cosmological Constraints on the DGP Model in light of DESI DR2 2025 Data
DESI DR2 combined with CC, SNIa and CMB priors give H0≈63–64 km s−1 Mpc−1 for flat/non-flat DGP and ΔAIC>100 against ΛCDM, strongly disfavoring the model.
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Late-time cosmological constraints on three holographic dark energy models with DESI DR2 BAO and Type Ia supernovae
DESI DR2 and late-time data constrain HDE, ADE and RDE, yielding H0≈67–68 km/s/Mpc, c≈1, n≈2.8, γ≈0.54, with none resolving the Hubble tension or decisively beating ΛCDM.
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The Hubble tension: A decade review
Pure early or late fixes to the Hubble tension are tightly constrained; remaining options are combined early-late interacting dark energy or new physics at the local-to-homogeneous transition.
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