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Questioning the Survey Responses of Large Language Models

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arxiv 2306.07951 v4 pith:ENSINSLS submitted 2023-06-13 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords modelssurveyresponseslanguagebiaseslargeorderingtowards
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Surveys have recently gained popularity as a tool to study large language models. By comparing survey responses of models to those of human reference populations, researchers aim to infer the demographics, political opinions, or values best represented by current language models. In this work, we critically examine this methodology on the basis of the well-established American Community Survey by the U.S. Census Bureau. Evaluating 43 different language models using de-facto standard prompting methodologies, we establish two dominant patterns. First, models' responses are governed by ordering and labeling biases, for example, towards survey responses labeled with the letter "A". Second, when adjusting for these systematic biases through randomized answer ordering, models across the board trend towards uniformly random survey responses, irrespective of model size or pre-training data. As a result, in contrast to conjectures from prior work, survey-derived alignment measures often permit a simple explanation: models consistently appear to better represent subgroups whose aggregate statistics are closest to uniform for any survey under consideration.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 19 citations worldwide. Full citation record

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  4. QuEst: Enhancing Estimates of Quantile-Based Distributional Measures Using Model Predictions

    cs.LG 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    QuEst gives point estimates and asymptotic confidence intervals for quantile-based distributional measures by optimally combining scarce observed data with abundant model-imputed data.

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