Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 75 references

Neutral Atom Quantum Computing: Principles, Routes, Progress, and Challenges

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Neutral-atom quantum computing has reached 11,000-atom arrays, 99.84% gate fidelity, and first logical processors; the review argues it is now the leading route to practical fault tolerance.

desk verdict A useful, current survey of neutral-atom QC whose bottleneck analysis rests on two inconsistent fidelity baselines—fix that and the quantitative map becomes trustworthy. read the letter →

arxiv 2608.05010 v2 pith:EVRNLXVX submitted 2026-08-05 quant-ph

Junchao Wang , Zeyuan Wang , Lei Li , Feng Wang , Shibo Liang , Keduo Yan This is my paper · ORCID
classification quant-ph
keywords neutralatomquantumcomputingRydbergblockadeopticaltweezerarrayserrorcorrectionfault-tolerantrearrangementmetasurfacetweezers
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This review tries to establish that neutral-atom quantum computing, based on laser-trapped atoms and Rydberg interactions, has become the most promising hardware route toward practical fault-tolerant quantum computing. It assembles a milestone record from 2000 to 2026: two-qubit gate fidelity rising from roughly 58 percent in 2010 to 99.84 percent, arrays reaching about 11,000 trapped atoms, continuous operation of a 3,000-qubit system, and demonstrations of logical qubits, toric-code error correction, and a 2:1 memory-encoding rate. The paper argues that the platform's reconfigurable connectivity and room-temperature operation give it structural advantages over superconducting and trapped-ion computers, while identifying the scalability-fidelity trade-off, error-correction computation, atom loss, and laser industrialization as the bottlenecks that decide whether those advantages pay off. A careful reader should care because the review's quantitative map determines which near-term quantum computing milestones are realistic and which are marketing projections.

What carries the argument

The Rydberg blockade is the physical engine of neutral-atom computing: when one atom is excited to a high-lying Rydberg state, its strong dipole-dipole or van der Waals interaction shifts the Rydberg level of any atom within a blockade radius, so at most one atom in that region can be excited. A three-pulse sequence on control and target atoms converts this blockade into a controlled-phase gate, and combined with single-qubit rotations it gives a universal gate set. The second load-bearing piece is the reconfigurable optical tweezer array, whose move-entangle-separate operation gives all-to-all connectivity and lets the platform host surface codes, LDPC codes, and zoned architectures on the same hardware. Together these two mechanisms carry the review's claim that neutral atoms can combine scale, connectivity, and gate fidelity in one machine.

What would settle it

An independent reproduction or audit of the 2026 metasurface experiment that fails to trap on the order of 10,000 atoms stably, or a direct test showing that the 2:1 encoding rate cannot be maintained once logical gates are executed, would undermine the review's central trajectory claim. A simpler check: if two-qubit fidelity cannot be pushed past 99.9 percent without Förster-resonance gates, then the roadmap assumption of low-overhead fault tolerance by 2027 fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that optical tweezer arrays combined with Rydberg blockade now constitute the mainstream and most advanced technical route in quantum computing hardware. The paper documents a chain of results: random arrays of atoms are rearranged into defect-free, reconfigurable configurations; Rydberg blockade turns pairs into high-fidelity entangling gates; and the same platform has demonstrated fault-tolerant primitives from transversal logical gates to loss-aware decoding. In the review's own framing, the milestone numbers — 11,022 atoms in a metasurface tweezer array, a 99.84 percent two-qubit gate, 48 logical qubits, six rounds of toric-code error correction, and an encoding rate exceeding 1/2 for quantum memory — show that neutral atoms are scaling faster than other platforms. The paper is equally explicit about the line not yet crossed: the 2:1 encoding rate was verified only for storage, and error-correction computation under logical gates remains unproven.

Load-bearing premise

The review's thesis depends on the accuracy of reported milestones taken from secondary sources, especially the 11,000-atom array, the 99.84 percent two-qubit fidelity, and the 2:1 memory encoding rate; if any of these numbers is later corrected or shown to apply only under narrow conditions, the cross-platform comparisons and trend statements would need revision.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • If the reported milestone numbers hold, the neutral-atom platform should reach ten-thousand-qubit physical processors and hundred-logical-qubit demonstrations within the paper's five-to-ten-year window.
  • Exceeding the surface-code threshold is not enough on its own: measurement, atom loss, and feedback must also meet threshold conditions before fault-tolerant computation becomes practical.
  • The 2:1 encoding rate, if later extended from memory to computation, would cut the physical-qubit cost of fault tolerance by orders of magnitude relative to surface codes.
  • The move-entangle-separate architecture makes high-rate LDPC codes a natural fit, so error-correction overhead on neutral atoms may end up lower than on fixed-topology platforms.
  • Bottlenecks in control electronics and compilers, not just physics, will determine whether arrays above ten thousand atoms can be operated with full parallelism.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The paper's numbers imply that qubit count is no longer the differentiator between platforms; the next competitive axis is error-correction computation and gate fidelity above 99.9 percent, where the review itself notes new physical mechanisms may be needed.
  • A testable extension follows from the metasurface result: if a single metasurface can replace a microscope objective for array generation, the cost per qubit falls sharply, and the practical limit of the platform shifts to laser power and control electronics rather than optics.
  • The review's own risk commentary suggests that company roadmaps to 100 logical qubits by 2026-2029 are optimistic estimates; a reader should treat those dates as upper bounds until the memory-to-computation step is experimentally demonstrated.
  • An implicit consequence is that if Förster-resonance gates push fidelity above 99.9 percent, the neutral-atom platform could close the fidelity gap to trapped ions while keeping its scaling edge, making it the most versatile quantum computing platform in the near term.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. This manuscript is an English-language review of neutral-atom quantum computing, covering physical principles (qubit encoding, optical trapping, Rydberg interactions and blockade gates, rearrangement), the three main technical routes, 2000–2026 progress milestones, the domestic and international industrialization landscape, and a bottleneck analysis. Its central claim is that optical-tweezer arrays combined with Rydberg interactions are the mainstream route and are progressing toward practical fault-tolerant quantum computation, supported by cited milestones such as roughly 11,000 trapped atoms, a 6,100-atom coherent array, two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.84%, logical-qubit demonstrations, toric-code error correction, and a 2:1 memory-only encoding rate.

Significance. If the cited milestones are reliable, the review is a timely and useful map of the field: it organizes the 2021–2026 developments into physical-basis, hardware-scale, error-correction, and application strands; it explicitly flags in §4.3 and §6.2 that the 2:1 encoding rate is verified only for memory, not computation; and its §6 bottleneck taxonomy offers a structured framework beyond a simple literature list. These features make it potentially valuable as a reference for newcomers and for strategic assessments. The value is conditional, however, on reconciling the fidelity baselines used for threshold and roadmap analysis, on separating trapped atoms from demonstrated coherent qubits, and on consistently grading peer-reviewed results against preprints and company announcements.

major comments (3)
  1. [§4.3, Table 1 vs. §5.1, §6.1] The manuscript uses two incompatible baselines for current two-qubit-gate fidelity. Section 4.3 and Table 1 report a maximum two-qubit fidelity of 99.84% (Ref. [2], USTC 2024-atom array), and §5.2 states that fidelity increased from the 97% level to 99.84%. However, §5.1's roadmap commentary and §6.1 repeatedly treat 'the current 99.5% level' as the baseline: §5.1 says roadmaps assume improvement 'from the current 99.5% level to above 99.9%,' and §6.1 states that 'the current two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.5%' has exceeded the surface-code threshold. If 99.84% is a genuine, comparably measured value at scale, then the 99.5% baseline is stale and the claim that reaching 99.9% requires new physical mechanisms is not supported by the paper's own data. If, instead, 99.84% was obtained under different conditions (e.g., a different gate definition or measurement protocol), then Table 1's 'Max 2Q fidelity' entry and the 'internationally leading' comparisons in §5.2 require qualification. The authors must reconcile these figures or explicitly state which values are directly comparable for threshold analysis.
  2. [§4.3(2), Table 1] The 11,000-atom metasurface result (Ref. [63], arXiv:2606.02715) is described as 'marking the first time that usable qubit resources in any quantum computing platform reached the ten-thousand level.' The cited work reports stable trapping and rearrangement of about 11,022 atoms; no single-qubit coherence time, gate fidelity, or coherent manipulation at that scale is cited in the manuscript. Calling trapped atoms 'usable qubit resources' overstates the milestone. The text and Table 1 should distinguish 'atoms trapped' from 'qubits with demonstrated coherent control,' as is effectively done for the 6,100-atom Caltech array in Ref. [40].
  3. [Table 1, §4.3, §5.1] Several quantitative milestones that anchor the survey are drawn from non-peer-reviewed sources and are presented with the same confidence as peer-reviewed results: the 11,000-atom trapping claim (Ref. [63], arXiv preprint), the Atom Computing toric-code demonstration (Ref. [30], company press release), the Infleqtion breakthroughs (Ref. [37], press release), and the Hanyuan 2 specifications (Ref. [69], company website). Since these feed Table 1 and the §4.3/§5 progress narrative, the manuscript should label each as 'announced' or 'preprint' at the point of use, or restrict quantitative tables to peer-reviewed results. Without such source grading, readers cannot assess the reliability of the headline milestones.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract, Innovation Statement] The headline phrase 'encoding rates exceeding 1/2' does not carry the memory-only caveat that the body carefully places in §4.3 and §6.2; the abstract should state that this rate applies to error-correction memory, not to computation with logical gates.
  2. [§2.4] The phrase 'the theoretical threshold of surface-code quantum error correction (about 1%)' should specify 'error rate of about 1%' to avoid confusing the error-rate threshold with a fidelity threshold; §3.1 states this correctly, so the wording in §2.4 is inconsistent.
  3. [Table 1] The trap-lifetime entry '6,000 s [24]' for the tweezer-and-Rydberg route should be footnoted as a cryogenic-environment result; room-temperature tweezer lifetimes are far shorter, and the table as printed implies a general capability.
  4. [Figure 7] The 19 milestones shown in the serpentine timeline are not enumerated in the text; adding a legend or numbered list would allow readers to know which events correspond to which timeline nodes.
  5. [§5.1] The term 'Förster resonance gates' is introduced without definition; a one-sentence explanation or a pointer to Ref. [55] would help non-specialist readers understand why this route is proposed as a path beyond the 99.9% fidelity barrier.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: the review's claims rest on external cited results, not on its own derivation; the only self-citation is peripheral and non-load-bearing.

full rationale

This manuscript is a literature review, not a derivation or prediction paper. The load-bearing statements—two-qubit fidelity 99.84%, the 11,000-atom array, the 2:1 memory encoding rate, and toric-code quantum error correction—are all presented as citations to external experimental or company results (Refs [2], [30], [37], [40], [63], [69]), and the paper performs no fitting, no parameter estimation, and no original equations that could be re-identified as the conclusions by construction. The one author-overlapping citation is Ref [51] (Li X, Hou J Y, Wang J C, et al., Nature Communications 2025), used in Fig. 6 and Sec. 5.2 to describe a fiber-array architecture; this is a peripheral supporting example within a 'domestic progress' survey, not the basis of any central claim, and therefore does not constitute load-bearing self-citation. The numerical discrepancy between Sec. 4.3/Table 1 (99.84% two-qubit fidelity) and Sec. 5.1/Sec. 6.1 (99.5% baseline) is a real internal-consistency or correctness concern, but it is not circularity: neither value is derived from the other or defined in terms of the paper's conclusions. The paper also explicitly flags the memory-only limitation of the 2:1 encoding rate, rather than overstating it, further confirming that the review is not constructing its conclusions from its own assumptions. No step satisfies the requirement of reducing, by the paper's own equations or by a self-citation chain, to its inputs.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 1 assumptions · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper; it introduces no new free parameters or entities. Its conclusions rest on the accuracy of the primary and secondary sources it cites.

assumptions (1)
  • domain assumption Cited experimental results and company announcements accurately represent the state of the art
    The review's quantitative claims, such as gate fidelities, atom counts, and encoding rates, are taken directly from Refs. [2], [40], [41], [63] and corporate press releases. Without this assumption the review's comparisons and trend analyses lack support.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Neutral Atom Quantum Computing: Principles, Routes, Progress, and Challenges." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/EVRNLXVX

@misc{pith2026260805010,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Neutral Atom Quantum Computing: Principles, Routes, Progress, and Challenges},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/EVRNLXVX}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2608.05010}
}
read the original abstract

Neutral atom quantum computing utilizes laser-trapped neutral atoms as qubits and realizes quantum logic gate operations through Rydberg-state interactions. In recent years, it has become one of the most vibrant directions in quantum computing hardware. This paper systematically reviews the working principles of neutral-atom quantum computers, including qubit encoding, atom trapping and manipulation, Rydberg states and interactions, the Rydberg blockade quantum gate mechanism, and atom rearrangement with reconfigurable architectures. The mainstream technical routes are surveyed, represented by optical tweezer arrays combined with Rydberg interactions, optical lattice schemes, and dipole trap arrays. A panoramic review is provided of domestic and international research progress from theoretical foundations in 2000 to the latest achievements in 2026, including thousand-qubit-scale systems, logical qubits, and quantum error correction experiments. Key breakthroughs are highlighted, such as the 6100-atom qubit array, continuous operation of a 3000-qubit system, quantum simulation of the Kitaev honeycomb model, toric code error correction demonstrations, encoding rates exceeding 1/2, and fault-tolerant architectures. The core bottlenecks are analyzed in depth, including the scalability--fidelity trade-off, engineering implementation of quantum error correction, atom loss and mid-circuit replenishment, laser system industrialization, control electronics scalability, and long-distance quantum interconnection. This paper aims to provide a systematic reference for academic research and technological development in this field.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2608.05010 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Qubit encoding and optical tweezer ar￾ray of neutral atoms. (a) Energy-level structure of a rubidium-87 atom. The hyperfine states F = 1 and F = 2 of the 5S1/2 ground state encode |0⟩ and |1⟩, respectively, and a two-photon transition (780 nm + 480 nm) excites the atom to a high principal￾quantum-number nS or nD Rydberg state |r⟩. (b) Schematic of an optical tweezer array. A focused laser beam is split by optical fo… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Rydberg blockade quantum gate mecha￾nism. (a) Blockade effect: after atom 1 is excited to the Rydberg state |r⟩, the |r⟩ energy level of atom 2 within the blockade radius Rb shifts significantly by ∆E ≫ ¯hΩ and cannot be resonantly excited (red dashed line + ×). (b) CZ gate pulse sequence: a π pulse excites the control qubit, a 2π pulse on the tar￾get qubit accumulates phase, and the control qubit is de-excited; onl… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Typical experimental workflow of neutral [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Schematic of optical tweezer array with Rydberg interaction. A single laser beam is split by a spatial light modulator (SLM) or acousto-optic deflector (AOD) into hundreds to thousands of fo￾cused spots, forming an independently addressable two-dimensional optical twee…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Schematic of optical lattice scheme and computation modes. Two counterpropagating laser beams form a standing wave, creating periodic po￾tential wells at the nodes where atoms are trapped to form a large-scale uniform array (adapted from Ref. [6].) requires additional …
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Schematic of dipole trap array (microlens [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Key milestones in neutral atom quan￾tum computing (2000–2026). A serpentine time￾line showing 19 landmark events, divided into three stages: theoretical foundation (blue), technology de￾velopment (green), and explosive growth (red). Node colors indicate event categorie…

Review history (2 revisions) →

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

75 extracted references · 6 canonical work pages

  1. [2]

    AI-enabled paral- lel assembly of thousands of defect-free neutral atom arrays[J].Physical Review Letters, 2025, 135: 063401

    Lin R, Zhong H S, Li Y, et al. AI-enabled paral- lel assembly of thousands of defect-free neutral atom arrays[J].Physical Review Letters, 2025, 135: 063401

    2025

  2. [63]

    Trap- ping 11,000 atoms in a tweezer array gener- ated by a single metasurface[J]

    Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang T, et al. Trap- ping 11,000 atoms in a tweezer array gener- ated by a single metasurface[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2606.02715, 2026

    arXiv 2026

  3. [40]

    A tweezer array with 6100 highly coherent atomic qubits[J].Nature, 2025, 647: 60–67

    Manetsch H J, Nomura G, Bataille E, et al. A tweezer array with 6100 highly coherent atomic qubits[J].Nature, 2025, 647: 60–67

    2025

  4. [30]

    Atom Computing re- veals quantum error correction with toric code[EB/OL]

    Atom Computing. Atom Computing re- veals quantum error correction with toric code[EB/OL]. (2026-06-03)[2026-06-19]. https://www.atom-computing.com

    2026

  5. [37]

    Infleqtion strengthens neutral-atom quantum computing platform with new techni- cal breakthroughs[EB/OL]

    Infleqtion. Infleqtion strengthens neutral-atom quantum computing platform with new techni- cal breakthroughs[EB/OL]. (2026-05-20)[2026- 06-19].https://www.infleqtion.com

    2026

  6. [69]

    Hanyuan series neutral atom quantum com- puter[EB/OL]

    Zhongke Kuyuan Technology (Wuhan) Co., Ltd. Hanyuan series neutral atom quantum com- puter[EB/OL]. [2026-06-25].https://www.qu antumchina.com/newsinfo/7282381.html

    arXiv 2026

  7. [1]

    Log- ical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays[J].Nature, 2024, 626: 58–65

    Bluvstein D, Levine H, Semeghini G, et al. Log- ical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays[J].Nature, 2024, 626: 58–65

    2024

  8. [3]

    High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2023, 622: 268–272

    Evered S J, Bluvstein D, Kalinowski M, et al. High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2023, 622: 268–272

    2023

Show all 75 references
  1. [4]

    Low-overhead transversal fault tolerance for universal quantum computation[J].Nature, 2025, 646: 303–308

    Zhou H, Zhao C, Li S H, et al. Low-overhead transversal fault tolerance for universal quantum computation[J].Nature, 2025, 646: 303–308

    2025

  2. [5]

    Microsoft and Atom Computing offer a commer- cial quantum machine with the largest number of entangled logical qubits on record[EB/OL]

    Microsoft Azure Quantum, Atom Computing. Microsoft and Atom Computing offer a commer- cial quantum machine with the largest number of entangled logical qubits on record[EB/OL]. (2024-11-19)[2026-06-19].https://azure.micr osoft.com/en-us/blog/quantum/2024/11/1 9/microsoft-and-a...

    2024

  3. [6]

    Pasqal exceeds 1,000 atoms in quantum processor[EB/OL]

    Pasqal. Pasqal exceeds 1,000 atoms in quantum processor[EB/OL]. (2024-06)[2026-06-19].http s://www.pasqal.com 22

    2024

  4. [7]

    High-rate quantum LDPC codes for long-range- connected neutral atom registers[J].Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1111

    Pecorari L, Witzel W, Goldman M, et al. High-rate quantum LDPC codes for long-range- connected neutral atom registers[J].Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1111

    2025

  5. [8]

    LDPC-cat codes for low-overhead quantum computing in 2D[J].Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1040

    Ruiz D, Guillaud J, Leverrier A, et al. LDPC-cat codes for low-overhead quantum computing in 2D[J].Nature Communications, 2025, 16: 1040

    2025

  6. [9]

    High- threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quan- tum memory[J].Nature, 2024, 627: 778–782

    Bravyi S, Cross A W, Yoder T J, et al. High- threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quan- tum memory[J].Nature, 2024, 627: 778–782

    2024

  7. [10]

    Fast quan- tum gates for neutral atoms[J].Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85: 2208

    Jaksch D, Cirac J I, Zoller P, et al. Fast quan- tum gates for neutral atoms[J].Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85: 2208

    2000

  8. [11]

    Analysis of a quantum logic device based on dipole-dipole interactions of optically trapped Rydberg atoms[J].Physical Review A, 2005, 72: 022347

    Saffman M, Walker T G. Analysis of a quantum logic device based on dipole-dipole interactions of optically trapped Rydberg atoms[J].Physical Review A, 2005, 72: 022347

    2005

  9. [12]

    Quantum information with Rydberg atoms[J].Reviews of Modern Physics, 2010, 82: 2313–2363

    Saffman M, Walker T G, Mølmer K. Quantum information with Rydberg atoms[J].Reviews of Modern Physics, 2010, 82: 2313–2363

    2010

  10. [13]

    Ob- servation of Rydberg blockade between two atoms[J].Nature Physics, 2009, 5: 110–114

    Urban E, Johnson T A, Henage T, et al. Ob- servation of Rydberg blockade between two atoms[J].Nature Physics, 2009, 5: 110–114

    2009

  11. [14]

    Ob- servation of collective excitation of two individ- ual atoms in the Rydberg blockade regime[J]

    Gaëtan A, Miroshnychenko Y, Wilk T, et al. Ob- servation of collective excitation of two individ- ual atoms in the Rydberg blockade regime[J]. Nature Physics, 2009, 5: 115–118

    2009

  12. [15]

    Demon- stration of a neutral atom controlled-NOT quan- tum gate[J].Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104: 010503

    Isenhower L, Urban E, Zhang X L, et al. Demon- stration of a neutral atom controlled-NOT quan- tum gate[J].Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104: 010503

    2010

  13. [16]

    Tunable two-dimensional arrays of single Rydberg atoms for realizing quantum Ising models[J].Nature, 2016, 534: 667–670

    Labuhn H, Barredo D, Ravets S, et al. Tunable two-dimensional arrays of single Rydberg atoms for realizing quantum Ising models[J].Nature, 2016, 534: 667–670

    2016

  14. [17]

    BarredoD,LienhardV,deLeseleucS,etal.Syn- thetic three-dimensional atomic structures as- sembledatombyatom[J].Nature, 2018, 561: 79– 82

    2018

  15. [18]

    Prob- ing many-body dynamics on a 51-atom quantum simulator[J].Nature, 2017, 551: 579–584

    Bernien H, Schwartz S, Keesling A, et al. Prob- ing many-body dynamics on a 51-atom quantum simulator[J].Nature, 2017, 551: 579–584

    2017

  16. [19]

    Quantum phases of matter on a 256-atom programmable quantum simulator[J].Nature, 2021, 595: 227– 232

    Ebadi S, Wang T, Levine H, et al. Quantum phases of matter on a 256-atom programmable quantum simulator[J].Nature, 2021, 595: 227– 232

    2021

  17. [20]

    Quan- tum simulation of 2D antiferromagnets with hundreds of Rydberg atoms[J].Nature, 2021, 595: 233–238

    Scholl P, Schuler M, Williams H J, et al. Quan- tum simulation of 2D antiferromagnets with hundreds of Rydberg atoms[J].Nature, 2021, 595: 233–238

    2021

  18. [21]

    Prob- ing topological spin liquid on a programmable quantum simulator[J].Science, 2021, 374: 1242– 1247

    Semeghini G, Levine H, Keesling A, et al. Prob- ing topological spin liquid on a programmable quantum simulator[J].Science, 2021, 374: 1242– 1247

    2021

  19. [22]

    High- fidelity control and entanglement of Rydberg- atom qubits[J].Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121: 123603

    Levine H, Keesling A, Semeghini G, et al. High- fidelity control and entanglement of Rydberg- atom qubits[J].Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121: 123603

    2018

  20. [23]

    Multi-qubit entanglement and algorithms on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2022, 604: 457– 462

    Graham T M, Song Y, Scott J, et al. Multi-qubit entanglement and algorithms on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2022, 604: 457– 462

    2022

  21. [24]

    Single atoms with 6,000-second trapping life- times in optical-tweezer arrays at cryogenic tem- peratures[J].Physical Review Applied, 2021, 16: 034013

    Schymik K N, Pancaldi S, Nogrette F, et al. Single atoms with 6,000-second trapping life- times in optical-tweezer arrays at cryogenic tem- peratures[J].Physical Review Applied, 2021, 16: 034013

    2021

  22. [25]

    Constant-overhead fault-tolerant quantum com- putation with reconfigurable atom arrays[J].Na- ture Physics, 2024, 20: 1084–1090

    Xu Q, Ataides-Patino J P, Brown H, et al. Constant-overhead fault-tolerant quantum com- putation with reconfigurable atom arrays[J].Na- ture Physics, 2024, 20: 1084–1090

    2024

  23. [26]

    Experimental demonstration of logical magic state distillation[J].Nature, 2025, 645: 620–625

    Rodriguez P S, Robinson J M, Jepsen P N, et al. Experimental demonstration of logical magic state distillation[J].Nature, 2025, 645: 620–625

    2025

  24. [27]

    A fault-tolerant neutral-atom architecture for uni- versal quantum computation[J].Nature, 2026, 649: 39–46 23

    Bluvstein D, Evered S J, Geim A A, et al. A fault-tolerant neutral-atom architecture for uni- versal quantum computation[J].Nature, 2026, 649: 39–46 23

    2026

  25. [28]

    Towards ultra-high-rate quantum error correction with reconfigurable atom arrays[J]

    Zhao C, Duckering C, Gu A, et al. Towards ultra-high-rate quantum error correction with reconfigurable atom arrays[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2604.16209, 2026

    2026 arXiv

  26. [29]

    High-girth regular quan- tum LDPC codes from affine-coset structures[J]

    Okada K, Kasai K. High-girth regular quan- tum LDPC codes from affine-coset structures[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2604.20838, 2026

    2026 arXiv

  27. [31]

    A 10 mega- hertz spatial light modulator[J]

    Wei X, Li Z, Karve A V, et al. A 10 mega- hertz spatial light modulator[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2601.08906, 2026

    2026 arXiv

  28. [32]

    Device for MHz-rate rastering of arbitrary 2D optical potentials[J]

    Bytyqi E, Sinclair J, Ramette J, et al. Device for MHz-rate rastering of arbitrary 2D optical potentials[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2602.16025, 2026

    2026

  29. [33]

    Gate- based readout and cooling of neutral atoms[J]

    Tsai R B-S, Picard L R B, Sun X, et al. Gate- based readout and cooling of neutral atoms[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2603.21643, 2026

    2026

  30. [34]

    Multitarget Ry- dberg gates via spatial blockade engineering[J]

    Stein S, Liu C, Kan S, et al. Multitarget Ry- dberg gates via spatial blockade engineering[J]. Physical Review Research, 2026, 8: 013254

    2026

  31. [35]

    Optimized ancillary drive for fast Rydberg entangling gates[J].Phys- ical Review A, 2026, 113: 032614

    Li R, Zhang M H, Qian J. Optimized ancillary drive for fast Rydberg entangling gates[J].Phys- ical Review A, 2026, 113: 032614

    2026

  32. [36]

    Quantum cellular automata on a dual- species Rydberg processor[J]

    White R, Ramesh V, Impertro A, et al. Quantum cellular automata on a dual- species Rydberg processor[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2601.16257, 2026

    2026

  33. [38]

    Sustaining high- fidelity quantum logic in neutral-atom circuits via mid-circuit operations[J]

    Lin R, Li Y, Zheng L T, et al. Sustaining high- fidelity quantum logic in neutral-atom circuits via mid-circuit operations[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2603.01612, 2026

    2026

  34. [39]

    2026 global quantum computing industry development out- look[EB/OL]

    Photon Box Research Institute. 2026 global quantum computing industry development out- look[EB/OL]. (2026-02)[2026-06-19].https:// www.photonboxonline.com

    2026

  35. [41]

    Continuous operation of a coherent 3,000-qubit system[J]

    Chiu N C, Trapp E C, Guo J, et al. Continuous operation of a coherent 3,000-qubit system[J]. Nature, 2025, 646: 1075–1080

    2025

  36. [42]

    Probing the Kitaev honeycomb model on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2025, 645: 341–347

    Evered S J, Kalinowski M, Geim A A, et al. Probing the Kitaev honeycomb model on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J].Nature, 2025, 645: 341–347

    2025

  37. [43]

    Accelerating the assembly of defect-free atomic arrays with maximum parallelisms[J].Physical Review Ap- plied, 2023, 19: 054032

    Wang S, Zhang W, Zhang T, et al. Accelerating the assembly of defect-free atomic arrays with maximum parallelisms[J].Physical Review Ap- plied, 2023, 19: 054032

    2023

  38. [44]

    Direct gener- ation of an array with 78,400 optical tweezers using a single metasurface[J].Chinese Physics Letters, 2026, 43: 010606

    Zhang Z, Wang Y, Liao Y, et al. Direct gener- ation of an array with 78,400 optical tweezers using a single metasurface[J].Chinese Physics Letters, 2026, 43: 010606

    2026

  39. [45]

    Emergent U(1) lattice gauge theory in Rydberg atom arrays[J].Nature Re- views Physics, 2024, 6: 566–576

    Cheng Y, Zhai H. Emergent U(1) lattice gauge theory in Rydberg atom arrays[J].Nature Re- views Physics, 2024, 6: 566–576

    2024

  40. [46]

    Coherence preser- vation of a single neutral atom qubit transferred between magic-intensity optical traps[J].Physi- cal Review Letters, 2016, 117: 123201

    Yang J, He X, Guo R, et al. Coherence preser- vation of a single neutral atom qubit transferred between magic-intensity optical traps[J].Physi- cal Review Letters, 2016, 117: 123201

    2016

  41. [47]

    Entangling two in- dividual atoms of different isotopes via Rydberg blockade[J].Physical Review Letters, 2017, 119: 160502

    Zeng Y, Xu P, He X, et al. Entangling two in- dividual atoms of different isotopes via Rydberg blockade[J].Physical Review Letters, 2017, 119: 160502

    2017

  42. [48]

    Programmable quan- tum annealing architectures with Ising quantum wires[J].PRX Quantum, 2020, 1: 020311

    Qiu X, Zoller P, Li X. Programmable quan- tum annealing architectures with Ising quantum wires[J].PRX Quantum, 2020, 1: 020311

    2020

  43. [49]

    Universal quan- tum optimization with cold atoms in an opti- cal cavity[J].Physical Review Letters, 2023, 131: 103601 24

    Ye M, Tian Y, Lin J, et al. Universal quan- tum optimization with cold atoms in an opti- cal cavity[J].Physical Review Letters, 2023, 131: 103601 24

    2023

  44. [50]

    Hardware-efficient Rydberg atomic quantum solvers for NP problems[J/OL]

    Cao S, Li X. Hardware-efficient Rydberg atomic quantum solvers for NP problems[J/OL]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2507.22686, 2025

    2025

  45. [51]

    A fiber array ar- chitecture for atom quantum computing[J].Na- ture Communications, 2025, 16: 9728

    Li X, Hou J Y, Wang J C, et al. A fiber array ar- chitecture for atom quantum computing[J].Na- ture Communications, 2025, 16: 9728

    2025

  46. [52]

    Ro- bust quantum reservoir computing for molec- ular property prediction[J]

    Beaulieu D, Kornjača M, Krunic Z, et al. Ro- bust quantum reservoir computing for molec- ular property prediction[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2412.06758, 2024

    2024 arXiv

  47. [53]

    Continuous-time quantum walk-based ansätze on neutral atom hardware[J]

    Matwiejew E, Wurtz J, Chen J, et al. Continuous-time quantum walk-based ansätze on neutral atom hardware[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2509.00386, 2025

    2025 arXiv

  48. [54]

    Transversal architecture for megaquop-scale quantum sim- ulation with neutral atoms[J].PRX Quantum, 2026, 7: 020343

    Ismail R, Chen I, Zhao C, et al. Transversal architecture for megaquop-scale quantum sim- ulation with neutral atoms[J].PRX Quantum, 2026, 7: 020343

    2026

  49. [55]

    En- tangling gate performance and fidelity limits with neutral atom Förster resonances[J]

    Norrell S A, Shen Y, Saffman M, et al. En- tangling gate performance and fidelity limits with neutral atom Förster resonances[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2605.19245, 2026

    2026 arXiv

  50. [56]

    QuEra Computing releases a groundbreaking roadmap for advanced error- corrected quantum computers[EB/OL]

    QuEra Computing. QuEra Computing releases a groundbreaking roadmap for advanced error- corrected quantum computers[EB/OL]. (2024- 01-09)[2026-06-19].https://www.quera.com/ press-releases/quera-computing-release s-a-groundbreaking-roadmap-for-advance d-error-corrected-quantum-c...

    2024

  51. [57]

    Atom Computing and Mi- crosoft accelerate commercial quantum comput- ing with next-generation fault-tolerant quantum computer[EB/OL]

    Atom Computing. Atom Computing and Mi- crosoft accelerate commercial quantum comput- ing with next-generation fault-tolerant quantum computer[EB/OL]. (2025-01-20)[2026-06-19].ht tps://atom-computing.com/microsoft-par tnership

    2025

  52. [58]

    Pasqal releases 2025 roadmap show- casing upgradable platform from today’s quan- tum solutions to tomorrow’s fault-tolerant sys- tems[EB/OL]

    Pasqal. Pasqal releases 2025 roadmap show- casing upgradable platform from today’s quan- tum solutions to tomorrow’s fault-tolerant sys- tems[EB/OL]. (2025-06-12)[2026-06-19].https: //www.pasqal.com/newsroom/pasqal-relea ses-2025-roadmap

    2025

  53. [59]

    Controlled phase gate protocol for neutral atoms via off-resonant modulated driving[J].Physical Review Applied, 2020, 13: 024059

    Sun Y, Xu P, Chen P X, Liu L. Controlled phase gate protocol for neutral atoms via off-resonant modulated driving[J].Physical Review Applied, 2020, 13: 024059

    2020

  54. [60]

    High-fidelity entangle- ment of neutral atoms via a Rydberg-mediated single-modulated-pulse controlled-PHASE gate[J].Physical Review A, 2022, 105: 042430

    Fu Z, Xu P, Sun Y, et al. High-fidelity entangle- ment of neutral atoms via a Rydberg-mediated single-modulated-pulse controlled-PHASE gate[J].Physical Review A, 2022, 105: 042430

    2022

  55. [61]

    Suppression of high-frequency compo- nents in off-resonant modulated driving proto- cols for Rydberg-blockade gates[J].Physical Re- view Applied, 2023, 20: L061002

    Sun Y. Suppression of high-frequency compo- nents in off-resonant modulated driving proto- cols for Rydberg-blockade gates[J].Physical Re- view Applied, 2023, 20: L061002

    2023

  56. [62]

    Demonstration of a logical architecture uniting motion and in- place entanglement: Shor’s algorithm, constant- depth CNOT ladder, and many-hypercube code[J]

    Rines R, Hall B, First M H, et al. Demonstration of a logical architecture uniting motion and in- place entanglement: Shor’s algorithm, constant- depth CNOT ladder, and many-hypercube code[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2509.13247, 2025

    2025 arXiv

  57. [64]

    Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation[J].Physical Review A, 2012, 86: 032324

    Fowler A G, Mariantoni M, Martinis J M, et al. Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation[J].Physical Review A, 2012, 86: 032324

    2012

  58. [65]

    Assem- bly and coherent control of a register of nuclear spin qubits[J].Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 2779

    Barnes K, Battaglino P, Bloom B, et al. Assem- bly and coherent control of a register of nuclear spin qubits[J].Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 2779

    2022

  59. [66]

    Mid-circuit cavity measurement in a neutral atom array[J].Physi- cal Review Letters, 2022, 129: 203602

    Deist E, Lu Y A, Ho J, et al. Mid-circuit cavity measurement in a neutral atom array[J].Physi- cal Review Letters, 2022, 129: 203602

    2022

  60. [67]

    Midcircuit measurements on a single-species neutral alkali atom quantum processor[J].Phys- ical Review X, 2023, 13: 041051 25

    Graham T M, Phuttitarn M, Chinnarasu R, et al. Midcircuit measurements on a single-species neutral alkali atom quantum processor[J].Phys- ical Review X, 2023, 13: 041051 25

    2023

  61. [68]

    Large-scale atomic quantum computing system jointly developed by young Fudan scientists[EB/OL]

    Fudan University. Large-scale atomic quantum computing system jointly developed by young Fudan scientists[EB/OL]. (2025-08-30)[2026-06- 25].https://news.fudan.edu.cn/2025/0830/ c1247a146502

    2025

  62. [70]

    Ytterbium atom neutral atom quantum computing platform[EB/OL]

    Taiyi Liangsheng (Shanghai) Quantum Technol- ogy Co., Ltd. Ytterbium atom neutral atom quantum computing platform[EB/OL]. (2026- 03-17)[2026-06-25].https://finance.eastmo ney.com/a/202603173673595280

    2026

  63. [71]

    Quantum technologies with optically in- terfaced solid-state spins[J].Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(9): 516–527

    Awschalom D D, Hanson R, Wrachtrup J, et al. Quantum technologies with optically in- terfaced solid-state spins[J].Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(9): 516–527

    2018

  64. [72]

    ZAP: Zoned ar- chitecture and performant compiler for field pro- grammable atom array[J].IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2026

    Huang C, Zhao X, Xu H, et al. ZAP: Zoned ar- chitecture and performant compiler for field pro- grammable atom array[J].IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2026. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2411.14037

    2026 arXiv

  65. [73]

    Quantum networks with neutral atom processing nodes[J]

    Covey J P, Weinfurter H, Bernien H. Quantum networks with neutral atom processing nodes[J]. npj Quantum Information, 2023, 9: 90

    2023

  66. [74]

    Rydberg-blockade controlled-NOT gate and entanglement in a two-dimensional array of neutral-atom qubits[J].Physical Review A, 2015, 92: 022336

    Maller K M, Lichtman M T, Xia T, et al. Rydberg-blockade controlled-NOT gate and entanglement in a two-dimensional array of neutral-atom qubits[J].Physical Review A, 2015, 92: 022336

    2015

  67. [75]

    physi- cal basis—hardware scale—error correction and fault tolerance—application exploration

    Saffman M. Quantum computing with atomic qubit arrays: confronting the cost of connectiv- ity[J]. arXiv preprint, arXiv:2505.11218, 2025 Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2023YFB4502500. Innova...

    2025

Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.