ICLE++: Modeling Fine-Grained Traits for Holistic Essay Scoring

Shengjie Li; Vincent Ng

REVIEW 5 major objections 6 minor 300 references

ICLE++: Modeling Fine-Grained Traits for Holistic Essay Scoring

T0 review · 5 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-01 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read This paper introduces ICLE++, a corpus of 1,006 persuasive essays written by university-level learners of English, each annotated with a holistic score and ten fine-grained trait scores on a 1–4 half-point scale, and claims that current aut

desk verdict A careful new trait-annotated essay corpus worth having, but the 'harder than ASAP' claim is confounded by a 10x training-size gap and a missing cross-corpus experiment. read the letter →

arxiv 2607.27671 v1 pith:FBWHKCRU submitted 2026-07-30 cs.CL

Shengjie Li , Vincent Ng This is my paper

classification cs.CL

keywords automatedessayscoringtrait-specificholisticlearnercorpuspersuasiveessaysinter-annotatoragreementcross-promptevaluationfine-grainedannotation

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper introduces ICLE++, a corpus of 1,006 persuasive essays written by university-level learners of English, each annotated with a holistic score and ten fine-grained trait scores on a 1–4 half-point scale. The authors show that automated essay scoring models that perform well on the widely used ASAP corpus drop sharply on ICLE++: within-prompt agreement, measured by Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK), falls from roughly 0.68–0.76 on ASAP to 0.28–0.40 on ICLE++. When a predictor is given the human-annotated trait scores, holistic scoring agreement climbs to 0.82–0.87, close to the agreement between human annotators. The paper argues that ICLE++ is therefore a harder and more realistic benchmark, and that fine-grained traits carry information about essay quality that holistic scores alone do not capture.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the ICLE++ annotation scheme: each essay receives one holistic score and ten trait scores, each on a 1–4 scale in half-point increments, assigned by two trained annotators whose disagreements were resolved through open discussion. Inter-annotator agreement, measured with a chance-corrected index, ranges from 0.602 for Coherence to 0.755 for Overall Quality. The corpus is restricted to persuasive essays mostly between 500 and 600 words, removing essay length as a cheap predictor, and spans ten prompts and thirteen native languages. The gold trait scores—the final human annotations—serve as an oracle input in the experiments, quantifying how much trait information wo

What would settle it

Take a random sample of about 100 ICLE++ essays and have a fresh team of annotators score them independently, without the original training or open discussion, then compute agreement with the released trait labels. If the chance-corrected agreement for several traits falls far below the reported 0.602–0.755 range, the trait labels are too noisy to explain the gold-trait QWK boost. Alternatively, permute the gold trait scores across essays and show that holistic-prediction QWK stays at roughly 0.82; if it does, the apparent signal is an artifact of annotation noise or the regressor's bias.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central discovery is that the ten trait scores—prompt adherence, thesis clarity, argument persuasiveness, development, coherence, cohesion, organization, sentence structure, vocabulary, and technical quality—hold predictive information for holistic scoring that current models fail to extract from the text itself. On ICLE++, state-of-the-art models reach only 0.28–0.40 QWK for holistic scoring, while a simple linear regressor using the gold trait scores reaches 0.82–0.87 QWK. This gap indicates that the essays' quality-relevant features are present in the annotations but not in the model representations, and it validates the decision to split the coarse 'content' trait used in earlier cor

Load-bearing premise

The paper assumes the trait labels are trustworthy enough to serve as both a training target and an evaluation gold standard, but annotators agreed only moderately (chance-corrected agreement from 0.602 to 0.755) and settled their differences through discussion, which can conceal consistent rater biases.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Models developed and evaluated solely on ASAP can substantially overestimate real-world essay scoring performance, since their within-prompt QWK drops by roughly half on ICLE++.
Fine-grained trait scores are informative for holistic judgment: knowing them lifts QWK to 0.82–0.87, so multi-trait prediction is a promising route to better holistic scoring.
ICLE++ provides a cleaner cross-prompt setup than ASAP, because all prompts are persuasive and share a similar scoring rubric, avoiding the genre-mixing present in ASAP's leave-one-prompt-out experiments.
The weak correlations among most trait pairs (typically 0.3–0.5) suggest the ten traits are not redundant, supporting the effort of scoring them separately for feedback.
Trait-specific scoring on ICLE++ is itself challenging, with most trait QWKs below 0.3, so trait prediction remains an open problem that the corpus can help push forward.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the gold-trait upper bound reflects real signal, a practical system might predict traits first and then combine them, but the paper's predicted-trait experiments show that current trait predictors are too weak for this chain to work; a testable next step is to train trait predictors directly on ICLE++ and evaluate the end-to-end holistic score.
Part of the gap between model scores and gold-trait scores could be annotation noise: the moderate inter-annotator agreement on content-based traits means the 0.82–0.87 upper bound may not be fully attainable without cleaner labels; a fresh independent annotation pass on a subset would quantify this.
Given the correlations among persuasiveness, development, and coherence (0.578–0.687), a smaller trait set might achieve similar holistic prediction accuracy; testing this would affect how much annotation effort future corpus projects need.
The corpus's restriction to non-native, homework-style essays makes it a better match for many real-world assessment contexts than ASAP's timed native-speaker setting, so performance on ICLE++ may be a more realistic yardstick for automated essay scoring in second-language education.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

First thing you should know: the dataset is the contribution. ICLE++ is a genuinely useful new resource — 1,006 ICLE persuasive essays with holistic scores plus ten trait scores, double-annotated with rubrics and adjudication in the appendix. That's something the field doesn't have: a non-native, all-persuasive corpus with fine-grained traits that aren't lumped into a single 'content' bucket. The gold-traits oracle (QWK 0.82–0.87 on ICLE++) is a good sanity check that the trait annotations carry signal.

The paper's second claim — that ICLE++ is more challenging than ASAP — is much weaker, and the stress-test note is right about why. Within-prompt experiments use 5 folds for ASAP (roughly 7,800 training essays) and 10 folds for ICLE++ (roughly 800). Cross-prompt reserves 1 dev fold for ASAP vs 3 for ICLE++. That's an order-of-magnitude training-set difference, and it alone could explain the QWK gap. 'Harder' here may just mean 'smaller.' On top of that, the abstract says ICLE++ can test generalization of ASAP-trained models, but no experiment actually trains on ASAP and tests on ICLE++. Every result in Tables 9 and 10 trains and tests on the same corpus. That missing experiment is a real gap, not a detail.

The other issues are secondary but worth naming. There are no error bars or significance tests; all models run with one seed (Appendix E.4), so the with-traits vs without-traits differences on ICLE++ could be noise. The trait-importance regression (Table 6) is partly circular, since the Overall Quality rubric is written in terms of support, organization, and language — the same constructs as the traits. It's fine as a sanity check, not as evidence about human scoring weights. Annotation agreement is moderate (α 0.602–0.755) and adjudication by open discussion can hide systematic rater bias, but the paper is transparent about this and the distributions look reasonable.

Bottom line: this deserves a serious referee. The corpus is worth having and the annotation work is careful. The experimental section needs work before the benchmark claims can be trusted: fix the asymmetric folds, add multiple seeds or significance tests, and either run an actual cross-corpus transfer experiment or drop that framing. I'd take this paper if those revisions land. In its present form, cite it for the dataset, not for the difficulty claim.

Referee Report

5 major / 6 minor

Summary. This paper introduces ICLE++, an annotated corpus of 1,006 persuasive learner essays from ICLE across 10 prompts. Each essay receives a holistic score (1–4 in half-points) and ten trait-specific scores (Prompt Adherence, Thesis Clarity, Argument Persuasiveness, Development, Organization, Coherence, Cohesion, Sentence Structure, Vocabulary, Technical Quality), with double annotation and adjudication. The authors report inter-annotator agreement (Krippendorff's α 0.602–0.755), trait–holistic correlations, and a linear-regression trait-importance analysis. They then benchmark two within-prompt AES models (Uto et al.; Kumar et al.) and one cross-prompt model (PMAES) on both ASAP and ICLE++, reporting lower QWK on ICLE++ and substantially higher QWK when gold traits are provided. They conclude that ICLE++ is a more challenging corpus and that fine-grained traits carry useful information for holistic scoring.

Significance. The main contribution is the corpus itself: it is one of the few AES resources with fine-grained content-based traits annotated on L2 learner essays, and the authors document the annotation scheme, rubrics, and distributions in unusual detail. The accompanying experiments address multi-trait and cross-prompt scoring, and the planned public release of annotation scores is valuable. If the 'more challenging than ASAP' claim can be made robust to training-size and metric-comparability confounds, the corpus would fill a real gap in AES evaluation.

major comments (5)

[§2.6.1, §2.7, Table 9] The claim that ICLE++ is a more challenging corpus than ASAP is not supported by the current experimental design. In within-prompt scoring, ASAP uses k=5 with one dev fold (~60% training ≈ 7,800 essays) whereas ICLE++ uses k=10 with one dev fold (~80% training ≈ 800 essays). In cross-prompt scoring, ASAP reserves 1 dev fold out of 8; ICLE++ reserves 3 dev folds out of 10, so training folds contain ~7 ASAP folds vs ~6 ICLE++ folds, again a ~10–15× difference in training examples. The QWK gap (0.68–0.76 vs 0.28–0.40) is therefore confounded with training-set size; neural models are data-hungry, and the gap cannot be attributed to corpus difficulty without an experiment that equalizes training size (e.g., subsampling ASAP) or otherwise controls for data quantity. In addition, despite the abstract's motivation, no experiment trains on ASAP and evaluates on ICLE++; all reported results train
[§2.4, Tables 1 and 6] The trait-importance analysis (§2.4, Table 6) is circular. The Overall Quality rubric in Table 1 is written in terms of the same constructs as the ten traits (support = Argument Persuasiveness/Development, organization = Organization, language = Sentence Structure/Vocabulary/Technical Quality, etc.), and the trait scores and holistic scores were produced by the same annotators in the same session (with traits scored before Overall Quality, §2.2). Regressing Overall Quality on these trait scores and reading the fitted weights as 'the relative importance that a human puts on each trait' therefore reflects the rubric author's and annotators' operationalization rather than an independent measurement of human scoring. Moreover, the linear regressor is trained and evaluated on the same 1,006 essays, the weights have no confidence intervals, and the strong collinearity among Persuasiveness, Dev
[§2.3, Table 4] The reliability of the trait labels is a load-bearing assumption for both the corpus utility and the gold-trait experiments, but the reported agreement is moderate: Krippendorff's α ranges from 0.602 (Coherence) to 0.755 (Overall Quality), with no confidence intervals, and calling α ≈ 0.6 'substantial agreement' is not standard. Discrepancies were resolved by open discussion, which can suppress genuine disagreement and hide systematic rater biases. Since gold trait scores are used as the oracle upper bound (Table 9) and as training targets (Table 10), label noise may attenuate model scores and inflate the apparent gap between trait-based and holistic-only scoring. Please report confidence intervals, per-pair agreement, and ideally a second adjudication pass or a subset annotated by an external rater.
[§2.7, Table 9, Appendix D.1] The cross-corpus comparison of QWK scores is not self-evident. ASAP prompts use different score scales (e.g., 2–12, 1–6) and different numbers of categories, while ICLE++ uses a single 1–4 half-point scale (7 categories). QWK is sensitive to the number of categories and to marginal distributions, so macro-averaging QWK across heterogeneous ASAP prompts and comparing it with ICLE++'s macro-average is not a controlled comparison. The paper itself acknowledges that MAE/RMSE are not comparable across the two corpora (Appendix D.1), but the same caveat applies to QWK. A matched-scale analysis (e.g., collapsing ASAP scores to the same 7-point scale) or a normalized agreement metric with confidence intervals is needed before 'considerably higher QWK' can be interpreted as corpus difficulty.
[§E.4, Tables 9–10] All models are run with a single random seed (11), and no variance or significance tests are reported. This is especially problematic for the small ICLE++ corpus (1,006 essays), where fold-level variance is high; the mixed within-prompt trait results (e.g., Uto Simple 0.2839 vs Uto Kumar 0.2776 on ICLE++) are within noise. Several conclusions — including whether trait inclusion helps or hurts within-prompt scoring — therefore rest on comparisons whose uncertainty is unreported. Multiple seeds with confidence intervals, or at least per-fold results plus paired significance tests, are needed for the comparative claims.

minor comments (6)

[Title page] Author names are run together: 'Shengjie LiandVincent Ng' should be separated.
[Tables 10 and 22] The trait name 'Vocabulary' is split as 'V ocabulary' / 'V ocab-' in headers; fix spacing.
[§2.5, sample essay] 'the author tried to take a somewhat neural stance' should be 'neutral stance'.
[References] 'International Conference on Learning Representations, San Diega' should be 'San Diego'.
[Appendix C, Table 24] Several feature names are duplicated (e.g., 'preposition', 'pronoun', 'conjunction' appear twice), making the enumeration ambiguous; renumber or rename unique features.
[Tables 9 and 10] The tables use 'ICLE' in the column header while the corpus is called ICLE++; use the full name consistently.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 5.0 of 10

Partial circularity: the trait-importance analysis re-derives the Overall Quality rubric from the traits, and the central 'ICLE++ is harder than ASAP' result is confounded by a ~10x training-size asymmetry; core benchmark release remains non-circular.

self definitional [§2.4 Trait importance, Table 6; §2.1 Table 1 (Overall Quality rubric)]
"we train a linear regressor using the scikit-learn package on all 1006 essays and examine the feature weight learned by the regressor for each trait, as a trait with a higher absolute weight implies a higher impact on OVERALL Quality scoring. ... The feature weights and the bias term are shown in Table 6."

The claim is that fitted linear-regression weights on the 10 traits reveal 'the relative importance that a human puts on each trait' when scoring holistically. But the Overall Quality rubric (Table 1) is defined using the same trait concepts: score 4 requires 'ample support' (≈Development), 'effective vocabulary and sentence variety' (≈Vocabulary, Sentence Structure), 'organizes ideas logically ... smooth transitions' (≈Organization, Coherence/Cohesion). Fitting Overall Quality on traits annotated with those concepts therefore partly re-derives the rubric rather than independently discovering human importance weights. The correlation/weight ranking (Persuasiveness > Development > ... > Thesis Clarity) substantially restates the rubric's stated emphasis. This is partial, not complete, circu
fitted input called prediction [§2.6.1 vs §2.7, Table 9: within-prompt k=5 for ASAP (~13k essays) vs k=10 for ICLE++ (1,006 essays); cross-prompt dev: 1 fold ASAP vs 3 ICLE++]
"We set k to 5 for ASAP and 10 for ICLE++, and conduct k-fold cross-validation experiments. In each fold experiment, we use one fold for testing, one fold for development, and the remaining folds for model training. ... For development, we reserve one fold for ASAP and three for ICLE++."

Not circular in the logical sense, but the paper's central evidence for the headline claim — 'since the QWK scores on ASAP are considerably higher than those on ICLE++, these results suggest that ICLE++ is a more challenging corpus than ASAP' — is statistically forced by the experimental design. ASAP uses ~13,000 essays with 5 folds (≈60% training ≈7,800) while ICLE++ uses 1,006 essays with 10 folds (≈80% training ≈800), and cross-prompt dev reserves 1/8 of ASAP vs 3/10 of ICLE++. The ~10x training-data asymmetry alone can explain most of the QWK gap (0.68–0.76 vs 0.28–0.40) for data-hungry neural models, so the 'harder corpus' conclusion is not identified independently of the asymmetric setup. This is a fitted/forced comparison rather than a derivation from corpus properties.

full rationale

The central deliverable of the paper is a new annotated corpus, and that deliverable is not circular: ICLE++ adds 10 fine-grained trait annotations to 1,006 ICLE essays, with inter-annotator agreement reported (Krippendorff's α 0.602–0.755), score distributions, rubrics, and public release. The AES experiments on this corpus are genuine empirical evaluations, not derivations from inputs. However, two load-bearing interpretative claims are partly circular or statistically forced. First, §2.4's 'trait importance' analysis fits a linear regressor of Overall Quality on the 10 traits and interprets the weights as 'the relative importance that a human puts on each trait'; but the Overall Quality rubric (Table 1) is explicitly written using the same trait concepts (support, organization, language, transitions), so the fitted weights partially re-derive the rubric by construction. Second, §2.7's conclusion that 'ICLE++ is a more challenging corpus than ASAP' rests on an asymmetric experimental design with roughly 10x more ASAP training data (k=5 over ~13k essays vs k=10 over 1,006 essays; dev folds 1 vs 3), so the QWK gap reflects data scarcity at least as much as corpus difficulty. I did not find load-bearing circularity from self-citations: the cited prior trait-scoring work (Persing et al. 2010; Persing and Ng 2013, 2014, 2015) is genuinely prior and the rubrics are stated in this paper; the PMAES, Uto, and Kumar models are externally published. The trait→holistic 'Gold Traits' oracle (QWK 0.82–0.87) is an upper-bound experiment, not a circularity, since the gold traits are human annotations, not the holistic scores. The corpus itself remains a useful, independently valuable resource, so the overall circularity score is moderate rather than high.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new entities are postulated. The load-bearing assumptions are domain assumptions about trait validity and annotation reliability, plus one ad hoc assumption about QWK comparability. Fitted regression weights and tuned hyperparameters are listed as free parameters.

free parameters (2)

Linear-regression trait weights (10 traits + bias) = Table 6 (e.g., Persuasiveness 0.260711, Development 0.190239, Bias -0.468411)
Trained on all 1,006 gold-labeled essays to estimate trait importance; used as evidence about human holistic scoring.
Model hyperparameters (learning rate, dropout, epochs) = Learning rates in {1e-3, 1e-4, 3e-4, 6e-4, 1e-5, 3e-5}; dropout in {0.1..0.5}; final values in §E.4
Selected on development folds; affect reported QWK numbers, though not the corpus itself.

assumptions (4)

domain assumption The 10 traits defined in §2.1 are the dimensions humans use to score persuasive essays.
Identified in consultation with writing instructors, not derived from an independent cognitive model; load-bearing for the fine-grained trait-feedback claim.
domain assumption Krippendorff's α > 0.6 indicates sufficient annotation reliability for downstream AES training/evaluation.
No confidence intervals or external validation; α ranges 0.602–0.755 (§2.3, Table 4).
ad hoc to paper QWK scores are comparable across ASAP and ICLE++ despite different score scales and corpus sizes.
Used in §2.7 to conclude ICLE++ is more challenging; ASAP uses different holistic scales and far more essays, so lower QWK may reflect scale, label noise, or data-size effects.
standard math Standard statistical machinery (Pearson correlation, linear regression, QWK) applies to ordinal essay scores.
Used throughout §2.4; treating ordinal scores as interval is routine in AES but an assumption.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of ICLE++: Modeling Fine-Grained Traits for Holistic Essay Scoring." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/FBWHKCRU

@misc{pith2026260727671,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: ICLE++: Modeling Fine-Grained Traits for Holistic Essay Scoring},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/FBWHKCRU}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.27671}
}

read the original abstract

The majority of the recently-developed models for automated essay scoring (AES) are evaluated solely on the ASAP corpus. However, ASAP is not without its limitations. For instance, it is not clear whether models trained on ASAP can generalize well when evaluated on other corpora. In light of these limitations, we introduce ICLE++, a corpus of persuasive student essays annotated with both holistic scores and trait-specific scores. Not only can ICLE++ be used to test the generalizability of AES models trained on ASAP, but it can also facilitate the evaluation of models developed for newer AES problems such as multi-trait scoring and cross-prompt scoring. We believe that ICLE++, which represents a culmination of our long-term effort in annotating the essays in the ICLE corpus, contributes to the set of much-needed annotated corpora for AES research.

Discussion (0). Sign in to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

300 extracted references · 7 canonical work pages

[1]

Winning Arguments: Interaction Dynamics and Persuasion Strategies in Good-faith Online Discussions , author =
[2]

and Laird, Nan M

Dempster, Arthur P. and Laird, Nan M. and Rubin, Donald B. , year = 1977, journal =. Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the

1977
[3]

HLT-NAACL 2004 Workshop: Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

A Linear Programming Formulation for Global Inference in Natural Language Tasks , author =. HLT-NAACL 2004 Workshop: Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

2004
[4]

Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =

Joint Inference for Fine-grained Opinion Extraction , author =. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =
[5]

Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , publisher =

Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations for Opinion Recognition , author =. Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , publisher =

2006
[6]

Artificial Intelligence , volume = 97, number =

Selection of Relevant Features and Examples in Machine Learning , author =. Artificial Intelligence , volume = 97, number =
[7]

Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Modeling Prompt Adherence in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[8]

Intelligent Tutoring Systems , publisher =

Identifying Thesis and Conclusion Statements in Student Essays to Scaffold Peer Review , author =. Intelligent Tutoring Systems , publisher =

Show all 300 references

[9]

Automated Grammatical Error Detection for Language Learners , author =
[10]

Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task , publisher =

The CoNLL-2014 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction , author =. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task , publisher =

2014
[11]

Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =

Applying Argumentation Schemes for Essay Scoring , author =. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =
[12]

Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =

Ontology-Based Argument Mining and Automatic Essay Scoring , author =. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =
[13]

Finding the

Jill Burstein and Daniel Marcu and Kevin Knight , year = 2003, journal =. Finding the

2003
[14]

English Gigaword Fourth Edition , author =
[15]

and Chodorow, Martin , year = 2008, booktitle =

Tetreault, Joel R. and Chodorow, Martin , year = 2008, booktitle =. The Ups and Downs of Preposition Error Detection in

2008
[16]

Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008) , address =

A Classifier-Based Approach to Preposition and Determiner Error Correction in L2 English , author =. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2008) , address =

2008
[17]

Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Training Paradigms for Correcting Errors in Grammar and Usage , author =. Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

2010
[18]

Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Using Mostly Native Data to Correct Errors in Learners' Writing , author =. Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

2010
[19]

Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task , pages =

The CoNLL-2013 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction , author =. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task , pages =

2013
[20]

Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

Correcting Comma Errors in Learner Essays, and Restoring Commas in Newswire Text , author =. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

2012
[21]

Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

Robust Systems for Preposition Error Correction Using Wikipedia Revisions , author =. Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

2013
[22]

Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text , pages =

Recognizing Stances in Ideological On-Line Debates , author =. Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text , pages =

2010
[23]

Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

Stance Classification using Dialogic Properties of Persuasion , author =. Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

2012
[24]

Detecting Latent User Properties in Social Media , author =
[25]

Learning from Labeled and Unlabeled Data with Label Propagation , author =
[26]

Passonneau , year = 2004, booktitle =

Rebecca J. Passonneau , year = 2004, booktitle =

2004
[27]

Computional Linguistics , publisher =

Inter-coder agreement for computational linguistics , author =. Computional Linguistics , publisher =. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli.07-034-R2 , issn =

doi
[28]

Science , volume = 220, number = 4598, pages =

Optimization by Simulated Annealing , author =. Science , volume = 220, number = 4598, pages =
[29]

Proceedings of EMNLP , pages =

Limitations of Co-Training for Natural Language Learning from Large Datasets , author =. Proceedings of EMNLP , pages =
[30]

Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin , year = 2001, note =

2001
[31]

Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Legal Docket-Entry Classification: Where Machine Learning stumbles , author =. Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2008
[32]

Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics Companion Volume , address =

Exact Inference for Multi-label Classification using Sparse Graphical Models , author =. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics Companion Volume , address =
[33]

Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning , pages =

A Comparative Study on Feature Selection in Text Categorization , author =. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning , pages =
[34]

Natural Language Engineering , volume = 12, number = 2, pages =

Identifying off-topic student essays without topic-specific training data , author =. Natural Language Engineering , volume = 12, number = 2, pages =
[35]

Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =

Off-topic essay detection using short prompt texts , author =. Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =
[36]

BMC Bioinformatics , address =

Information extraction from full text scientific articles: where are the keywords? , author =. BMC Bioinformatics , address =. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-4-20 , issn =

doi
[37]

Proceedings of the ACL , pages =

Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Methods , author =. Proceedings of the ACL , pages =
[38]

1993 , booktitle =

A method for disambiguating word senses in a large corpus , author =. 1993 , booktitle =

1993
[39]

Text Classification by Bootstrapping with Keywords,

Andrew McCallum and Kamal Nigam , year = 1999, booktitle =. Text Classification by Bootstrapping with Keywords,

1999
[40]

Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using

Kamal Nigam and Andrew McCallum and Sebastian Thrun and Tom Mitchell , year = 2000, journal =. Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using

2000
[41]

Taking Advantage of the

Rafael Guzm. Taking Advantage of the. Proceedings of MICAI , pages =
[42]

Chawla and Kevin W

Nitesh V. Chawla and Kevin W. Bowyer and Lawrence O. Hall and W. Philip Kegelmeyer , year = 2002, journal =

2002
[43]

ACL '04: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , location =

Learning with unlabeled data for text categorization using bootstrapping and feature projection techniques , author =. ACL '04: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , location =
[44]

Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP , publisher =

Semi-Supervised Cause Identification from Aviation Safety Reports , author =. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP , publisher =
[45]

ICML '05: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning , location =

A support vector method for multivariate performance measures , author =. ICML '05: Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Machine learning , location =. doi:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1102351.1102399 , isbn =
[46]

Joachims , year = 1999, booktitle =

T. Joachims , year = 1999, booktitle =. Making large-Scale

1999
[47]

adfda , publisher =

Combining Labeled and Unlabeled Data with Co-Training , author =. adfda , publisher =
[48]

NAACL HLT 2007; Proceedings of the Main Conference , pages =

Using ``Annotator Rationales'' to Improve Machine Learning for Text Categorization , author =. NAACL HLT 2007; Proceedings of the Main Conference , pages =

2007
[49]

Making large-scale support vector machine learning practical , author =
[50]

Joachims , year = 2006, booktitle =

T. Joachims , year = 2006, booktitle =. Training Linear

2006
[51]

International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) , pages =

A Support Vector Method for Multivariate Performance Measures , author =. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) , pages =
[52]

Machine Learning , volume = 76, number =

Sparse Kernel SVMs via Cutting-Plane Training , author =. Machine Learning , volume = 76, number =
[53]

In Proceedings of ACL , pages =

Active Learning for Word Sense Disambiguation with Methods for Addressing the Class Imbalance Problem , author =. In Proceedings of ACL , pages =
[54]

The class imbalance problem: A systematic study , author =. Intell. Data Anal. , publisher =
[55]

In Proceedings of the ACL , pages =

A Sentimental Education: Sentiment Analysis Using Subjectivity Summarization Based on Minimum Cuts , author =. In Proceedings of the ACL , pages =
[56]

Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1 , location =

Identifying anaphoric and non-anaphoric noun phrases to improve coreference resolution , author =. Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1 , location =. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1072228.1072367 , url =
[57]

In AAAI-2004 , pages =

Text classification by labeling words , author =. In AAAI-2004 , pages =

2004
[58]

Proceedings of IJCAI-07, the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , location =

Web Page Clustering using Heuristic Search in the Web Graph , author =. Proceedings of IJCAI-07, the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , location =
[59]

Proceedings of IJCAI-07, the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , location =

Interactive Clustering of Text Collections According to a User-Specified Criterion , author =. Proceedings of IJCAI-07, the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , location =
[60]

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning , location =

Interactive feature space construction using semantic information , author =. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning , location =
[61]

Proceedings of Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2009) , pages =

Active Learning by Labeling Features , author =. Proceedings of Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2009) , pages =

2009
[62]

Machine Learning with Annotator Rationales to Reduce Annotation Cost , author =
[63]

Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence , location =

InterActive feature selection , author =. Proceedings of the 19th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence , location =
[64]

Assessing agreement on classification tasks:

Jean Carletta , year = 1996, journal =. Assessing agreement on classification tasks:

1996
[65]

An introduction to random indexing , author =
[66]

Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages =

Random Indexing of Text Samples for Latent Semantic Analysis , author =. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages =
[67]

Journal of American Society of Information Science , volume = 41, number = 6, pages =

Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis , author =. Journal of American Society of Information Science , volume = 41, number = 6, pages =
[68]

Psychological review , pages =

A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge , author =. Psychological review , pages =
[69]

Derrick Higgins and Jill Burstein , year = 2007, booktitle =

2007
[70]

Jurgens, David and Stevens, Keith , year = 2010, booktitle =. The

2010
[71]

Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , location =

Probabilistic frame-semantic parsing , author =. Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , location =

2010
[72]

Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1 , location =

The Berkeley FrameNet Project , author =. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1 , location =. doi:10.3115/980845.980860 , url =
[73]

That is your evidence?: Classifying stance in online political debate , author =. Decis. Support Syst. , publisher =. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.032 , issn =

2012 doi
[74]

Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text , location =

Recognizing stances in ideological on-line debates , author =. Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text , location =

2010
[75]

Journal of Memory and Language , volume = 40, pages =

Discourse markers in spontaneous speech: Oh what a difference an ?oh? makes , author =. Journal of Memory and Language , volume = 40, pages =
[76]

Journal of Pragmatics , volume = 34, pages =

Basic meanings of you know and I mean , author =. Journal of Pragmatics , volume = 34, pages =
[77]

, author =

The Effect of Substituting Discourse Markers on Their Role in Dialogue. , author =
[78]

Generating typed dependency parses from phrase structure parses , author =
[79]

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis (WASSA 2.011) , publisher =

Tracking Sentiment in Mail: How Genders Differ on Emotional Axes , author =. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis (WASSA 2.011) , publisher =
[80]

Pearl , year = 1988, publisher =

J. Pearl , year = 1988, publisher =

1988
[81]

Proceedings of the Eighth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA) , publisher =

Experimental Study of Minimum Cut Algorithms , author =. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA) , publisher =
[82]

International Corpus of Learner

Sylviane Granger and Estelle Dagneaux and Fanny Meunier and Magali Paquot , year = 2009, publisher =. International Corpus of Learner

2009
[83]

, author =

Modeling Thesis Clarity in Student Essays. , author =. ACL (1) , publisher =
[84]

and Ng, Andrew Y

Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I. , year = 2003, journal =. Latent

2003
[85]

McCallum, Andrew Kachites , year = 2002, url =

2002
[86]

Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1 , location =

Feature-rich Part-of-speech Tagging with a Cyclic Dependency Network , author =. Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology - Volume 1 , location =. doi:10.3115/1073445.1073478 , url =

2003
[87]

and Surdeanu, Mihai and Bauer, John and Finkel, Jenny and Bethard, Steven J

Manning, Christopher D. and Surdeanu, Mihai and Bauer, John and Finkel, Jenny and Bethard, Steven J. and McClosky, David , year = 2014, booktitle =. The

2014
[88]

CoRR , volume =

A PDTB-Styled End-to-End Discourse Parser , author =. CoRR , volume =
[89]

Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web,

Winning Arguments: Interaction Dynamics and Persuasion Strategies in Good-faith Online Discussions , author =. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web,. doi:10.1145/2872427.2883081 , url =
[90]

CoRR , volume =

Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space , author =. CoRR , volume =
[91]

Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse , volume = 5, number = 4, pages =

Understanding persuasive essay writing: Linguistic/rhetorical approach , author =. Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse , volume = 5, number = 4, pages =
[92]

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS?ARGUMENTATIVE ELEMENTS AND FALLACIES IN STUDENTS?DISCUSSION ESSAYS , author =
[93]

, author =

Effects of source expertness, physical attractiveness, and supporting arguments on persuasion: A case of brains over beauty. , author =. Journal of personality and social psychology , publisher =
[94]

, author =

The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. , author =. Journal of personality and social psychology , publisher =
[95]

Research in the Teaching of English , publisher =

Linguistic/rhetorical measures for international persuasive student writing , author =. Research in the Teaching of English , publisher =
[96]

Automated essay scoring with e-rater

Attali, Yigal and Burstein, Jill , year = 2006, journal =. Automated essay scoring with e-rater

2006
[97]

Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics-Volume 1 , pages =

Automated scoring using a hybrid feature identification technique , author =. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics-Volume 1 , pages =
[98]

Automated essay evaluation: The

Burstein, Jill and Chodorow, Martin and Leacock, Claudia , year = 2004, journal =. Automated essay evaluation: The

2004
[99]

, author =

CriterionSM Online Essay Evaluation: An Application for Automated Evaluation of Student Essays. , author =. IAAI , pages =
[100]

IEEE Intelligent Systems , publisher =

Finding the WRITE stuff: Automatic identification of discourse structure in student essays , author =. IEEE Intelligent Systems , publisher =
[101]

Automated evaluation of essays and short answers , author =
[102]

Proceedings of a Symposium on Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Automated essay scoring for nonnative English speakers , author =. Proceedings of a Symposium on Computer Mediated Language Assessment and Evaluation in Natural Language Processing , pages =
[103]

, author =

Enriching Automated Essay Scoring Using Discourse Marking. , author =
[104]

BEYOND ESSAY LENGTH: EVALUATING E-RATER

Chodorow, Martin and Burstein, Jill , year = 2004, journal =. BEYOND ESSAY LENGTH: EVALUATING E-RATER

2004
[105]

Proceedings of the 39th annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Towards automatic classification of discourse elements in essays , author =. Proceedings of the 39th annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =
[106]

Computers in Human Behavior , publisher =

Stumping e-rater: challenging the validity of automated essay scoring , author =. Computers in Human Behavior , publisher =
[107]

International encyclopedia of education , volume = 4, pages =

Automated essay scoring: Writing assessment and instruction , author =. International encyclopedia of education , volume = 4, pages =
[108]

Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics-Volume 1 , pages =

Toward evaluation of writing style: finding overly repetitive word use in student essays , author =. Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics-Volume 1 , pages =
[109]

Natural Language Engineering , publisher =

Identifying off-topic student essays without topic-specific training data , author =. Natural Language Engineering , publisher =
[110]

Human language technologies: The 2010 annual conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Using entity-based features to model coherence in student essays , author =. Human language technologies: The 2010 annual conference of the North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

2010
[111]

Breadth and depth of semantic lexicons , publisher =

Using lexical semantic techniques to classify free-responses , author =. Breadth and depth of semantic lexicons , publisher =
[112]

ETS Research Report Series , publisher =

Comparing the validity of automated and human essay scoring , author =. ETS Research Report Series , publisher =
[113]

Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Computational Semantics , pages =

Sentence similarity measures for essay coherence , author =. Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Computational Semantics , pages =
[114]

Proceedings of the COLING-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems , pages =

Benefits of modularity in an automated essay scoring system , author =. Proceedings of the COLING-2000 Workshop on Using Toolsets and Architectures To Build NLP Systems , pages =

2000
[115]

Computers and the Humanities , publisher =

A machine learning approach for identification thesis and conclusion statements in student essays , author =. Computers and the Humanities , publisher =
[116]

Towards using text summarization for essay-based feedback , author =
[117]

ETS Research Report Series , publisher =

Scoring essays automatically using surface features , author =. ETS Research Report Series , publisher =
[118]

, author =

Advanced Capabilities for Evaluating Student Writing: Detecting Off-Topic Essays Without Topic-Specific Training. , author =. AIED , pages =
[119]

Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing , pages =

An automatic scoring system for advanced placement biology essays , author =. Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing , pages =
[120]

International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics , pages =

Building subjectivity lexicon (s) from scratch for essay data , author =. International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics , pages =
[121]

Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , volume = 1, pages =

Using pivot-based paraphrasing and sentiment profiles to improve a subjectivity lexicon for essay data , author =. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , volume = 1, pages =
[122]

, author =

Lexical Chaining for Measuring Discourse Coherence Quality in Test-taker Essays. , author =. COLING , pages =
[123]

Dialogue and Discourse , volume = 4, number = 2, pages =

Holistic Annotation of Discourse Coherence Quality in Noisy Essay Writing , author =. Dialogue and Discourse , volume = 4, number = 2, pages =
[124]

Assessing Writing , publisher =

State-of-the-art automated essay scoring: Competition, results, and future directions from a United States demonstration , author =. Assessing Writing , publisher =
[125]

An overview of automated scoring of essays , author =
[126]

Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective , booktitle =

Automated scoring and annotation of essays with the Intelligent Essay Assessor , author =. Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective , booktitle =
[127]

Natural Language Engineering , publisher =

Evaluation of text coherence for electronic essay scoring systems , author =. Natural Language Engineering , publisher =
[128]

Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective , author =
[129]

Tesol Quarterly , publisher =

Toward an understanding of the distinct nature of L2 writing: The ESL research and its implications , author =. Tesol Quarterly , publisher =
[130]

Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =

Off-topic essay detection using short prompt texts , author =. Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Fifth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =

2010
[131]

International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems , pages =

Identifying thesis and conclusion statements in student essays to scaffold peer review , author =. International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems , pages =
[132]

Science , booktitle =

Automated classification of stance in student essays: An approach using stance target information and the Wikipedia link-based measure , author =. Science , booktitle =
[133]

Computational Linguistics , publisher =

Modeling local coherence: An entity-based approach , author =. Computational Linguistics , publisher =
[134]

Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse , volume = 8, number = 3, pages =

Rhetorical structure theory: Toward a functional theory of text organization , author =. Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse , volume = 8, number = 3, pages =
[135]

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , publisher =

The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms , author =. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , publisher =
[136]

The theory and practice of discourse parsing and summarization , author =
[137]

Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective , booktitle =

Automated evaluation of discourse structure in student essays , author =. Automated essay scoring: A cross-disciplinary perspective , booktitle =
[138]

Advances in automatic text summarization , publisher =

Discourse trees are good indicators of importance in text , author =. Advances in automatic text summarization , publisher =
[139]

Handbook of automated essay evaluation: Current applications and new directions , publisher =

The e-rater automated essay scoring system , author =. Handbook of automated essay evaluation: Current applications and new directions , publisher =
[140]

Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning , author =
[141]

Language resources and evaluation , publisher =

Annotating expressions of opinions and emotions in language , author =. Language resources and evaluation , publisher =
[142]

Hyland, Ken , year = 2005, publisher =

2005
[143]

Proceeding of AAAI Workshop on Wikipedia and Artificial Intelligence: an Evolving Synergy, AAAI Press, Chicago, USA , pages =

An effective, low-cost measure of semantic relatedness obtained from Wikipedia links , author =. Proceeding of AAAI Workshop on Wikipedia and Artificial Intelligence: an Evolving Synergy, AAAI Press, Chicago, USA , pages =
[144]

Journal of molecular biology , publisher =

A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins , author =. Journal of molecular biology , publisher =
[145]

Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Modeling Stance in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[146]

A linear programming formulation for global inference in natural language tasks , author =
[147]

Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing-Volume 10 , pages =

Discriminative training methods for hidden markov models: Theory and experiments with perceptron algorithms , author =. Proceedings of the ACL-02 conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing-Volume 10 , pages =
[148]

Journal of the royal statistical society

Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm , author =. Journal of the royal statistical society. Series B (methodological) , publisher =
[149]

Advances in neural information processing systems , publisher =

Support vector regression machines , author =. Advances in neural information processing systems , publisher =
[150]

Behavior research methods , publisher =

Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for 13,915 English lemmas , author =. Behavior research methods , publisher =
[151]

Behavior research methods , publisher =

Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas , author =. Behavior research methods , publisher =
[152]

Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel , author =
[153]

Proceedings of NAACL-HLT , pages =

End-to-end argumentation mining in student essays , author =. Proceedings of NAACL-HLT , pages =
[154]

Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities , publisher =

Argument extraction for supporting public policy formulation , author =. Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities , publisher =
[155]

Applying Kernel Methods to Argumentation Mining , author =
[156]

Argumentative Zoning: Information Extraction from Scientific Text , author =
[157]

Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =

Identifying Appropriate Support for Propositions in Online User Comments , author =. Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , publisher =
[158]

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , location =

Argumentation Mining: The Detection, Classification and Structure of Arguments in Text , author =. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , location =. doi:10.1145/1568234.1568246 , isbn =
[159]

Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , location =

Automatic Detection of Arguments in Legal Texts , author =. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law , location =. doi:10.1145/1276318.1276362 , isbn =
[160]

Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Modeling Organization in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2010
[161]

Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Modeling Thesis Clarity in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[162]

Human Language Technologies: The 2004 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays , author =. Human Language Technologies: The 2004 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

2004
[163]

Modeling Argument Strength in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[164]

Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , pages =

Annotating Argument Components and Relations in Persuasive Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , pages =
[165]

Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) , publisher =

Identifying Argumentative Discourse Structures in Persuasive Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) , publisher =

2014
[166]

Proceedings of the 56 Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Give me more Feedback: Annotating Argument Persuasiveness and Related Attributes in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 56 Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[167]

Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =

Learning to Give Feedback: Modeling Attributes Affecting Argument Persuasiveness in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 27th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =
[168]

Automated essay evaluation:

Jill Burstein and Martin Chodorow and Claudia Leacock , year = 2004, journal =. Automated essay evaluation:

2004
[169]

Automated essay scoring with

Attali, Yigal and Burstein, Jill , year = 2006, journal =. Automated essay scoring with

2006
[170]

Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation: Current Applications and New Directions , author =
[171]

Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , volume = 5, pages =

Enriching Word Vectors with Subword Information , author =. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics , volume = 5, pages =
[172]

Neural computation , publisher =

Long short-term memory , author =. Neural computation , publisher =
[173]

IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , volume = 45, number = 11, pages =

Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks , author =. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing , volume = 45, number = 11, pages =
[174]

Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , publisher =

A News Editorial Corpus for Mining Argumentation Strategies , author =. Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , publisher =

2016
[175]

Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =

Computational Argumentation Quality Assessment in Natural Language , author =. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =
[176]

Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =

Recognizing Insufficiently Supported Arguments in Argumentative Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =
[177]

Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining , publisher =

Analyzing the Semantic Types of Claims and Premises in an Online Persuasive Forum , author =. Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining , publisher =
[178]

Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =

Argument Strength is in the Eye of the Beholder: Audience Effects in Persuasion , author =. Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers , publisher =
[179]

Accounting Forum , publisher =

Ethos, logos, pathos: Strategies of persuasion in social/environmental reports , author =. Accounting Forum , publisher =
[180]

Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , location =

A Corpus of Annotated Revisions for Studying Argumentative Writing , author =. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , location =. doi:10.18653/v1/P17-1144 , url =

doi
[181]

Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =

Why Can't You Convince Me? Modeling Weaknesses in Unpersuasive Arguments , author =. Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =
[182]

Computational Linguistics , volume = 43, number = 3, pages =

Parsing Argumentation Structures in Persuasive Essays , author =. Computational Linguistics , volume = 43, number = 3, pages =
[183]

Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Which argument is more convincing? Analyzing and predicting convincingness of Web arguments using bidirectional LSTM , author =. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =
[184]

F. H. van Eemeren and B. Garssen and E. C. W. Krabbe and F. A. Snoeck Henkemans and B. Verheij and J. H. M. Wagemans , year = 2014, booktitle =

2014
[185]

CoRR abs/1701.05343 , institution =

A Joint Framework for Argumentative Text Analysis Incorporating Domain Knowledge , author =. CoRR abs/1701.05343 , institution =

arXiv
[186]

Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) , pages =

Is This Post Persuasive? Ranking Argumentative Comments in Online Forum , author =. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) , pages =
[187]

Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

What makes a convincing argument? Empirical analysis and detecting attributes of convincingness in Web argumentation , author =. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2016
[188]

The Theory of Parsing, Translation and Compiling , author =
[189]

Publications Manual , author =
[190]

Association for Computing Machinery , year = 1983, journal =

1983
[191]

Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery , volume = 28, number = 1, pages =

Alternation , author =. Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery , volume = 28, number = 1, pages =
[192]

Algorithms on Strings, Trees and Sequences , author =
[193]

Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , location =

Noise reduction and targeted exploration in imitation learning for Abstract Meaning Representation parsing , author =. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , location =. doi:10.18653/v1/P16-1001 , url =

doi
[194]

Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , location =

Learning from 26 Languages: Program Management and Science in the Babel Program , author =. Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers , location =

2014
[195]

Journal of Machine Learning Research , volume = 2, pages =

Text Classification using String Kernels , author =. Journal of Machine Learning Research , volume = 2, pages =
[196]

Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

A Shortest Path Dependency Kernel for Relation Extraction , author =. Proceedings of the Human Language Technology Conference and the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =
[197]

Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

New Ranking Algorithms for Parsing and Tagging: Kernels over Discrete Structures, and the Voted Perceptron , author =. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =
[198]

Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

A Study on Convolution Kernels for Shallow Statistic Parsing , author =. Proceedings of the 42nd Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =
[199]

Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =

Kernel-Based Pronoun Resolution with Structured Syntactic Knowledge , author =. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics , pages =
[200]

Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics , pages =

Coreference Systems Based on Kernels Methods , author =. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics , pages =
[201]

Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Bootstrapping Lexical Choice via Multiple-Sequence Alignment , author =. Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2002
[202]

Learning to Paraphrase:

Regina Barzilay and Lillian Lee , year = 2003, booktitle =. Learning to Paraphrase:

2003
[203]

Natural Language Engineering , volume = 10, number = 1, pages =

Evaluation of text coherence for electronic essay scoring systems , author =. Natural Language Engineering , volume = 10, number = 1, pages =
[204]

Landauer and Darrell Laham and Peter W

Thomas K. Landauer and Darrell Laham and Peter W. Foltz , year = 2003, booktitle =. Automated Scoring and Annotation of Essays with the

2003
[205]

International encyclopedia of education (3rd edition) , publisher =

Automated essay scoring: Writing assessment and instruction , author =. International encyclopedia of education (3rd edition) , publisher =
[206]

Mann and Sandra A

William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson , year = 1988, journal =. Rhetorical Structure Theory:

1988
[207]

Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

The Rhetorical Parsing of Natural Language Texts , author =. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
[208]

Toward an understanding of the distinct nature of

Silva, Tony , year = 1993, volume = 27, number = 4, pages =. Toward an understanding of the distinct nature of

1993
[209]

Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference , pages =

A Unified Local and Global Model for Discourse Coherence , author =. Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Proceedings of the Main Conference , pages =

2007
[210]

HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings , pages =

Catching the Drift: Probabilistic Content Models, with Applications to Generation and Summarization , author =. HLT-NAACL 2004: Main Proceedings , pages =

2004
[211]

Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions , pages =

Discourse Generation Using Utility-Trained Coherence Models , author =. Proceedings of the COLING/ACL 2006 Main Conference Poster Sessions , pages =

2006
[212]

Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Modeling Local Coherence: An Entity-Based Approach , author =. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
[213]

Shermis and Jill C

Mark D. Shermis and Jill C. Burstein , year = 2003, publisher =. Automated Essay Scoring:

2003
[214]

The Hierarchical Hidden

Shai Fine and Yoram Singer , year = 1998, booktitle =. The Hierarchical Hidden

1998
[215]

Layered representations for learning and inferring office activity from multiple sensory channels , author =. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. , publisher =. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cviu.2004.02.004 , issn =

2004 doi
[216]

Machine Learning , publisher =

Support-Vector Networks , author =. Machine Learning , publisher =. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022627411411 , issn =

doi
[217]

Making Large-scale

Thorsten Joachims , year = 1999, booktitle =. Making Large-scale

1999
[218]

Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on , volume = 13, number = 2, pages =

Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm , author =. Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on , volume = 13, number = 2, pages =
[219]

IEEE Intelligent Systems , volume = 18, number = 1, pages =

Finding the WRITE Stuff: Automatic Identification of Discourse Structure in Student Essays , author =. IEEE Intelligent Systems , volume = 18, number = 1, pages =
[220]

Parsing Argumentation Structures in Persuasive Essays , author =
[221]

Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =

Context-aware Argumentative Relation Mining , author =. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =
[222]

Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , publisher =

End-to-End Argumentation Mining in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , publisher =

2016
[223]

Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

A Neural Approach to Automated Essay Scoring , author =. Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =. doi:10.18653/v1/D16-1193 , url =

2016 doi
[224]

Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning , pages =

Attention-based Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Essay Scoring , author =. Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning , pages =. doi:10.18653/v1/K17-1017 , url =

doi
[225]

Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Automatic Essay Scoring Incorporating Rating Schema via Reinforcement Learning , author =. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2018
[226]

Automated Essay Scoring for

\". Automated Essay Scoring for. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =
[227]

A New Dataset and Method for Automatically Grading

Yannakoudakis, Helen and Briscoe, Ted and Medlock, Ben , year = 2011, month =. A New Dataset and Method for Automatically Grading. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies , pages =

2011
[228]

Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =

Fine-grained essay scoring of a complex writing task for native speakers , author =. Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications , pages =. doi:10.18653/v1/W17-5040 , url =

doi
[229]

The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , author =
[230]

The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , author =
[231]

Martin's Handbook , author =

The St. Martin's Handbook , author =
[232]

The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , author =
[233]

Computerstrategien fÃ¼r die kommunikationsanalyse , publisher =

Validity in content analysis , author =. Computerstrategien fÃ¼r die kommunikationsanalyse , publisher =
[234]

Scikit-learn:

Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Ga. Scikit-learn:. Journal of Machine Learning Research , volume = 12, pages =
[235]

Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =

Neural End-to-End Learning for Computational Argumentation Mining , author =. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =
[236]

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining , year = 2015, month =

2015
[237]

An effective, low-cost measure of semantic relatedness obtained from

David Milne and Ian Witten , year = 2008, booktitle =. An effective, low-cost measure of semantic relatedness obtained from

2008
[238]

Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue , publisher =

Argument Mining: Extracting Arguments from Online Dialogue , author =. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue , publisher =
[239]

Proceedings of the First Workshop on Argumentation Mining , year = 2014, month =

2014
[240]

Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Joint prediction in MST-style discourse parsing for argumentation mining , author =. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2015
[241]

Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics , pages =

Context Dependent Claim Detection , author =. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics , pages =
[242]

Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

Show Me Your Evidence - an Automatic Method for Context Dependent Evidence Detection , author =. Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , pages =

2015
[243]

Proceedings of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =

Context-Independent Claim Detection for Argument Mining , author =. Proceedings of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence , pages =
[244]

Argument Extraction from News, Blogs, and the Social Web , author =
[245]

Argument Mining from Speech:

Marco Lippi and Paolo Torroni , year = 2016, booktitle =. Argument Mining from Speech:

2016
[246]

Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining , pages =

Argument Extraction from News , author =. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Argumentation Mining , pages =
[247]

Scalable training of

Andrew, Galen and Gao, Jianfeng , year = 2007, booktitle =. Scalable training of

2007
[248]

Tetreault , year = 2015, journal =

Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli and Joel R. Tetreault , year = 2015, journal =. Yara Parser:

2015
[249]

Journal of Machine Learning Research , publisher =

A Framework for Learning Predictive Structures from Multiple Tasks and Unlabeled Data , author =. Journal of Machine Learning Research , publisher =
[250]

and Tukey, John W

Cooley, James W. and Tukey, John W. , year = 1965, journal =. An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex

1965
[251]

Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference , publisher =

AR-ASAG An ARabic Dataset for Automatic Short Answer Grading Evaluation , author =. Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference , publisher =
[252]

Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume = 35, number = 15, pages =

Automated Cross-prompt Scoring of Essay Traits , author =. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , volume = 35, number = 15, pages =. doi:10.1609/aaai.v35i15.17620 , url =

doi
[253]

doi:10.1145/3442381.3450017 , url =

Learning from Graph Propagation via Ordinal Distillation for One-Shot Automated Essay Scoring , author =. doi:10.1145/3442381.3450017 , url =
[254]

Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , location =

Domain-Adaptive Neural Automated Essay Scoring , author =. Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval , location =. doi:10.1145/3397271.3401037 , isbn = 9781450380164, url =
[255]

Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,

Hierarchical Multi-task Learning for Organization Evaluation of Argumentative Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,. doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/536 , url =

2020 doi
[256]

RoBERTa:

Yinhan Liu and Myle Ott and Naman Goyal and Jingfei Du and Mandar Joshi and Danqi Chen and Omer Levy and Mike Lewis and Luke Zettlemoyer and Veselin Stoyanov , year = 2019, journal =. RoBERTa:. 1907.11692 , timestamp =

2019 arXiv
[257]

, year = 1968, month =

Cohen, J. , year = 1968, month =. Psychological bulletin , volume = 70, number = 4, pages =

1968
[258]

Statistics (international student edition) , author =
[259]

7th International Conference on Learning Representations,

Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization , author =. 7th International Conference on Learning Representations,
[260]

Kingma and Jimmy Ba , year = 2015, booktitle =

Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba , year = 2015, booktitle =. Adam:

2015
[261]

Computational Linguistics , volume = 17, number = 1, pages =

Lexical Cohesion Computed by Thesaural relations as an indicator of the structure of text , author =. Computational Linguistics , volume = 17, number = 1, pages =
[262]

ETS Research Report Series , publisher =

The college board vocabulary study , author =. ETS Research Report Series , publisher =
[263]

Proceedings of the BEA Workshop , pages =

Evaluating the performance of Automated Text Scoring systems , author =. Proceedings of the BEA Workshop , pages =
[264]

Proc.\ of NIPS , pages =

Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks , author =. Proc.\ of NIPS , pages =
[265]

, author =

Evaluating Multiple Aspects of Coherence in Student Essays. , author =. Proc.\ of HLT-NAACL , pages =
[266]

IEEE Transactions on Communications , publisher =

The Writer's Workbench: Computer aids for text analysis , author =. IEEE Transactions on Communications , publisher =
[267]

, year = 1967, booktitle =

Page, Ellis B. , year = 1967, booktitle =. Grading essays by computer:

1967
[268]

International Review of Education , publisher =

The use of the computer in analyzing student essays , author =. International Review of Education , publisher =
[269]

IntelliMetric:

Elliot, Scott , year = 2003, journal =. IntelliMetric:. Automated Essay Scoring:

2003
[270]

Blanchard, Daniel and Tetreault, Joel and Higgins, Derrick and Cahill, Aoife and Chodorow, Martin , year = 2013, journal =

2013
[271]

textual features

Pssst... textual features... there is more to automatic essay scoring than just you! , author =. Proc.\ of ICLAK , pages =
[272]

Automated assessment of non-native learner essays:

Vajjala, Sowmya , year = 2018, journal =. Automated assessment of non-native learner essays:

2018
[273]

and Kyle, Kristopher and McNamara, Danielle S, , year = 2016, journal =

Crossley, Scott A. and Kyle, Kristopher and McNamara, Danielle S, , year = 2016, journal =. The development and use of cohesive devices in

2016
[274]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Automatic Text Scoring Using Neural Networks , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[275]

Automatic features for essay scoring --

Dong, Fei and Zhang, Yue , year = 2016, booktitle =. Automatic features for essay scoring --

2016
[276]

and Tuan, Luu Anh and Hui, Siu Cheung , year = 2018, booktitle =

Tay, Yi and Phan, Minh C. and Tuan, Luu Anh and Hui, Siu Cheung , year = 2018, booktitle =

2018
[277]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Automated essay scoring with string kernels and word embeddings , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[278]

Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =

Scoring persuasive essays using opinions and their targets , author =. Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =
[279]

Proc.\ of AAAI , pages =

Argument mining for improving the automated scoring of persuasive essays , author =. Proc.\ of AAAI , pages =
[280]

and Liang, Tahung , year = 2002, journal =

Rudner, Lawrence M. and Liang, Tahung , year = 2002, journal =. Automated essay scoring using

2002
[281]

Assessing Writing , publisher =

A hierarchical classification approach to automated essay scoring , author =. Assessing Writing , publisher =
[282]

Modeling coherence in

Yannakoudakis, Helen and Briscoe, Ted , year = 2012, booktitle =. Modeling coherence in

2012
[283]

Proc.\ of EMNLP , pages =

Automated essay scoring by maximizing human-machine agreement , author =. Proc.\ of EMNLP , pages =
[284]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Constrained Multi-Task Learning for Automated Essay Scoring , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[285]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Frustratingly Easy Domain Adaptation , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[286]

Proc.\ of EMNLP , pages =

Flexible domain adaptation for automated essay scoring using correlated linear regression , author =. Proc.\ of EMNLP , pages =
[287]

Jin, Cancan and He, Ben and Hui, Kai and Sun, Le , year = 2018, booktitle =

2018
[288]

IEEE Intelligent systems , volume = 25, number = 5, pages =

An unsupervised automated essay-scoring system , author =. IEEE Intelligent systems , volume = 25, number = 5, pages =
[289]

Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =

Topicality-based indices for essay scoring , author =. Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =
[290]

Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =

Task-independent features for automated essay grading , author =. Proc.\ of the BEA Workshop , pages =
[291]

The Journal of Experimental Education , publisher =

Computer grading of student prose, using modern concepts and software , author =. The Journal of Experimental Education , publisher =
[292]

Phi Delta Kappan , publisher =

The computer moves into essay grading: Updating the ancient test , author =. Phi Delta Kappan , publisher =
[293]

Proc.\ of ICML , pages =

A unified architecture for natural language processing: Deep neural networks with multitask learning , author =. Proc.\ of ICML , pages =
[294]

arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.06898 , booktitle =

Neural Automated Essay Scoring and Coherence Modeling for Adversarially Crafted Input , author =. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.06898 , booktitle =

arXiv
[295]

Proc.\ of COLING , pages =

Using argument mining to assess the argumentation quality of essays , author =. Proc.\ of COLING , pages =
[296]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Coarse-grained argumentation features for scoring persuasive essays , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[297]

Proc.\ of NAACL-HLT , pages =

Automated Essay Scoring in the Presence of Biased Ratings , author =. Proc.\ of NAACL-HLT , pages =
[298]

Proc.\ of COLING , pages =

Evaluating Argumentative and Narrative Essays using Graphs , author =. Proc.\ of COLING , pages =
[299]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

A corpus of annotated revisions for studying argumentative writing , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =
[300]

Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Word association profiles and their use for automated scoring of essays , author =. Proc.\ of ACL , pages =

Pith tools

Reviewed August 1, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Winning Arguments: Interaction Dynamics and Persuasion Strategies in Good-faith Online Discussions , author =

[2] [2]

and Laird, Nan M

Dempster, Arthur P. and Laird, Nan M. and Rubin, Donald B. , year = 1977, journal =. Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the

1977

[3] [3]

HLT-NAACL 2004 Workshop: Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

A Linear Programming Formulation for Global Inference in Natural Language Tasks , author =. HLT-NAACL 2004 Workshop: Eighth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning

2004

[4] [4]

Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =

Joint Inference for Fine-grained Opinion Extraction , author =. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , publisher =

[5] [5]

Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , publisher =

Joint Extraction of Entities and Relations for Opinion Recognition , author =. Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , publisher =

2006

[6] [6]

Artificial Intelligence , volume = 97, number =

Selection of Relevant Features and Examples in Machine Learning , author =. Artificial Intelligence , volume = 97, number =

[7] [7]

Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

Modeling Prompt Adherence in Student Essays , author =. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) , pages =

[8] [8]

Intelligent Tutoring Systems , publisher =

Identifying Thesis and Conclusion Statements in Student Essays to Scaffold Peer Review , author =. Intelligent Tutoring Systems , publisher =