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A Review of zk-SNARKs

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arxiv 2202.06877 v4 pith:FEHGLVG7 submitted 2022-02-14 cs.CR

classification cs.CR
keywords applicationszk-snarkfoundationsinformationlikenovelpartyprotocol
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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A zk-SNARK is a protocol that lets one party, the prover, prove to another party, the verifier, that a statement about some privately-held information is true without revealing the information itself. This paper describes technical foundations, current applications, and some novel applications of zk-SNARKs. Regarding technical foundations, we go over the Quadratic Arithmetic Program reduction and the Pinocchio protocol. We then go over financial security applications like Zcash and Tornado Cash, and zk-Rollup applications like zkEVM and Darkforest. We propose novel zk-SNARK protocols for private auctions and decentralized card games on the blockchain, providing code for the proposed applications. We conclude by touching on promising zk-SNARK innovations, such as zk-STARKs.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Engineering Trustworthy Machine-Learning Operations with Zero-Knowledge Proofs

    cs.SE 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A systematic review of 57 ZKP-for-ML papers concludes that inference verification dominates the field and that research is converging toward a unified ZKMLOps framework for trustworthy, auditable AI.

  2. Dynamic Fraud Proof

    cs.CR 2025-02 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A proposed optimistic rollup mechanism replaces the long challenge window with a short, randomly sampled approval quorum and exponential timeouts, but the security argument for keeping the single-honest-node guarantee...

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