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A Brief History of Mass

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arxiv 2503.07866 v2 pith:G5P4G4TC submitted 2025-03-10 hep-ph hep-ex

classification hep-phhep-ex
keywords masscomplexpolebeencontextearlyfoundhadronic
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

It has been known since the 1950's that an unstable particle is associated with a complex pole in the propagator. This had to be rediscovered twice: in the early 1970's in the context of hadronic resonances, and in the early 1990's in the context of the $Z$ boson. The physical mass of the particle is the real part of the pole in the complex energy plane. In hadronic physics, this replaced the ``Breit-Wigner mass,'' which was found to depend on the parameterization of the ``energy-dependent width.'' In $Z$ physics, it replaced the ``on-shell'' mass, which was found to be gauge dependent. Although the mass defined from the complex pole position has been widely discussed in the literature, it has not yet made its way into quantum field theory textbooks.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Baryon and Meson Excited States

    hep-ph 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    The authors propose a universal logarithmic mass formula, M_n = α ln(n) + β, for all equal-quantum excited baryon and meson states.

  2. Universal Mass Equation for Equal-Quantum Excited-States Sets II

    hep-ph 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    Using two known excited-state masses per hadron family, the authors extrapolate four higher masses with a logarithmic curve and find bottomonium slopes lie on a predictive line.

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