Spin transport in an insulating ferrimagnetic-antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic trilayer as a function of temperature

Andrew D. Kent; Debangsu Roy; Egecan Cogulu; Jamileh Beik Mohammadi; Jinjun Ding; Mingzhong Wu; Nancy A. Missert; Paul G. Kotula; Yizhang Chen

arxiv: 1906.12288 · v1 · pith:H3XDTMQWnew · submitted 2019-06-28 · ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

Spin transport in an insulating ferrimagnetic-antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic trilayer as a function of temperature

Yizhang Chen , Egecan Cogulu , Debangsu Roy , Jinjun Ding , Jamileh Beik Mohammadi , Paul G. Kotula , Nancy A. Missert , Mingzhong Wu

show 1 more author

Andrew D. Kent

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 13:29 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

keywords spin Seebeck effectspin diffusion lengthyttrium iron garnetnickel oxideinverse spin Hall effecttemperature dependencemagnetic trilayergadolinium gallium garnet

0 comments

The pith

The NiO layer in a YIG/NiO/YIG trilayer has a spin diffusion length of 4.2 nm at room temperature, while low-temperature spin signals originate from the GGG substrate.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper measures how spin currents generated by the spin Seebeck effect travel through an insulating trilayer structure consisting of two yttrium iron garnet layers separated by nickel oxide as a function of temperature. By varying the thickness of the nickel oxide layer, they extract a spin diffusion length of 4.2 nanometers at room temperature. At temperatures below 30 kelvin, the detected signals match the behavior expected from the gadolinium gallium garnet substrate rather than the trilayer itself. A broad peak in the response near 100 kelvin is linked to changes in the spin diffusion length within the yttrium iron garnet. These results help clarify how temperature affects spin current generation and transport in magnetic insulators.

Core claim

Spin currents generated by the spin Seebeck effect in a YIG/NiO/YIG trilayer on a GGG substrate were detected using the inverse spin Hall effect in Pt. Thickness-dependent measurements determine the NiO spin diffusion length to be 4.2 nm at room temperature. Below 30 K, the inverse spin Hall signals follow a Brillouin function for S=7/2 corresponding to Gd3+ ions in the substrate. Sharp changes at low fields arise from YIG magnetization switching. A broad peak around 100 K is associated with an increase in the spin-diffusion length in YIG.

What carries the argument

Thickness-dependent measurements of the inverse spin Hall effect signals from the spin Seebeck effect to extract the spin diffusion length in the antiferromagnetic NiO layer.

If this is right

The short spin diffusion length in NiO limits the transmission of spin currents through antiferromagnetic layers at room temperature.
Paramagnetic substrates like GGG can generate detectable spin signals at low temperatures that follow the Brillouin function for their magnetic ions.
The spin Seebeck effect in YIG shows temperature-dependent features that may relate to magnon properties or diffusion lengths.
Magnetization switching in YIG produces sharp changes in the detected spin signals at low magnetic fields.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Device designs using such trilayers may need to account for substrate contributions at cryogenic temperatures.
Similar trilayer structures with different antiferromagnets could reveal material-specific diffusion lengths for spin filtering applications.
Changing growth conditions to alter interface transparency would test whether it contributes to the temperature-dependent signals.
The findings suggest that spin current transport in magnetic insulators requires separate consideration of each layer and the substrate across temperature ranges.

Load-bearing premise

The broad peak in the SSE response around 100 K results specifically from an increase in the YIG spin-diffusion length and not from other temperature-dependent factors such as magnon population, interface transparency, or detection efficiency.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of the YIG spin diffusion length versus temperature showing no increase near 100 K would falsify the attribution of the observed broad peak.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1906.12288 by Andrew D. Kent, Debangsu Roy, Egecan Cogulu, Jamileh Beik Mohammadi, Jinjun Ding, Mingzhong Wu, Nancy A. Missert, Paul G. Kotula, Yizhang Chen.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: FIG. 2. Angular dependence and NiO thickness dependence of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: FIG. 3. Second harmonic response [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: FIG. 4. (a) Field dependence of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

We present a study of the transport properties of thermally generated spin currents in an insulating ferrimagnetic-antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic trilayer over a wide range of temperature. Spin currents generated by the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) in a yttrium iron garnet (YIG) YIG/NiO/YIG trilayer on a gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrate were detected using the inverse spin Hall effect in Pt. By studying samples with different NiO thicknesses, the NiO spin diffusion length was determined to be 4.2 nm at room temperature. Interestingly, below 30 K, the inverse spin Hall signals are associated with the GGG substrate. The field dependence of the signal follows a Brillouin function for a S=7/2 spin ($\mathrm{Gd^{3+}}$) at low temperature. Sharp changes in the SSE signal at low fields are due to switching of the YIG magnetization. A broad peak in the SSE response was observed around 100 K, which we associate with an increase in the spin-diffusion length in YIG. These observations are important in understanding the generation and transport properties of spin currents through magnetic insulators and the role of a paramagnetic substrate in spin current generation.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper delivers a 4.2 nm NiO diffusion length from thickness series but the 100 K peak link to YIG diffusion length lacks controls.

read the letter

The one or two things to know are that this paper reports a NiO spin diffusion length of 4.2 nm at room temperature from thickness-dependent SSE measurements in the YIG/NiO/YIG structure, and that below 30 K the inverse spin Hall signal is attributed to the GGG substrate based on its field dependence matching a Brillouin function for S=7/2. The work is straightforward experimental spintronics on a common stack geometry. Varying the NiO thickness provides an independent way to determine the diffusion length without assuming other parameters. The temperature sweep shows clear regimes, with the low-T substrate contribution cleanly tied to the Gd3+ response and the low-field switching linked to YIG magnetization reversal. These observations add concrete data points to prior bilayer SSE studies. The main soft spot is the broad peak around 100 K. They associate it with an increase in the YIG spin diffusion length, but this rests on the assumption that magnon population, interface spin-mixing conductances, and Pt detection efficiency stay roughly constant or change monotonically in that range. The abstract gives no indication of control measurements on single YIG films or temperature-dependent interface resistance to test alternatives. Since the NiO length is extracted only at room temperature, the 100 K feature is an extra claim that would be stronger with supporting data. This paper is for experimentalists working on spin caloritronics and magnon transport through insulating layers. A reader needing usable numbers on NiO diffusion or substrate effects at low T will find it relevant. The central claims line up with the described measurements. I would send it to peer review. The experimental design is reasonable and the results supply practical information even if one interpretive step needs more backing.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports experimental measurements of thermally generated spin currents via the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) in YIG/NiO/YIG trilayers on GGG substrates, detected by the inverse spin Hall effect in Pt. From a series of samples with varying NiO thicknesses, the NiO spin diffusion length is extracted as 4.2 nm at room temperature. Temperature-dependent data show that below 30 K the inverse spin Hall signals follow a Brillouin function for S=7/2 (associated with the GGG substrate), sharp low-field changes arise from YIG magnetization switching, and a broad peak near 100 K is attributed to an increase in the YIG spin diffusion length.

Significance. The room-temperature NiO spin diffusion length provides a quantitative benchmark for spin transport through an antiferromagnetic insulator, which is useful for spintronic device design. The thickness-series method for extracting the diffusion length is a direct and reproducible approach. The low-temperature substrate contribution and field-switching observations are consistent with known paramagnetic and ferrimagnetic behaviors. However, the temperature-dependent interpretation around 100 K requires additional support to be fully convincing.

major comments (1)

[Abstract and temperature-dependent results] Abstract (and corresponding results section on temperature dependence): The association of the broad peak in the inverse spin Hall signal around 100 K specifically with an increase in the YIG spin-diffusion length is presented without control measurements (e.g., SSE on single YIG films or temperature-dependent interface conductance data) that would exclude alternative explanations such as changes in magnon population, YIG/NiO or NiO/YIG spin-mixing conductance, or Pt detection efficiency. This interpretation is central to the temperature-dependent transport narrative but rests on an untested assumption that other factors vary monotonically or negligibly in the 50–150 K range.

minor comments (2)

[Results on NiO thickness series] The manuscript would benefit from explicit reporting of error bars or uncertainties on the 4.2 nm diffusion length value and on the thickness-series fit, as well as a clearer description of how the room-temperature thickness dependence was analyzed to isolate the NiO contribution.
[Methods] Full experimental methods, including sample growth details, measurement geometry, and any background subtraction procedures, should be expanded for reproducibility, particularly given the involvement of the GGG substrate at low temperatures.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their detailed review and constructive feedback on our manuscript. We address the major comment below, providing our response and indicating how we will revise the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract and temperature-dependent results] Abstract (and corresponding results section on temperature dependence): The association of the broad peak in the inverse spin Hall signal around 100 K specifically with an increase in the YIG spin-diffusion length is presented without control measurements (e.g., SSE on single YIG films or temperature-dependent interface conductance data) that would exclude alternative explanations such as changes in magnon population, YIG/NiO or NiO/YIG spin-mixing conductance, or Pt detection efficiency. This interpretation is central to the temperature-dependent transport narrative but rests on an untested assumption that other factors vary monotonically or negligibly in the 50–150 K range.

Authors: We acknowledge the referee's valid point that dedicated control measurements on single YIG films or direct temperature-dependent measurements of interface spin-mixing conductances are not included in this work and would provide stronger exclusion of alternatives. Our association of the ~100 K peak with longer YIG spin diffusion length is based on (i) the known temperature dependence of magnon mean free path in YIG from prior literature, (ii) the fact that the peak occurs well above the regime where GGG substrate contributions dominate, and (iii) the absence of similar peaks in the low-temperature Brillouin-function regime. Nevertheless, we agree that the manuscript would benefit from more cautious wording. We will revise the abstract and the relevant results/discussion sections to present the link as a plausible interpretation consistent with the data rather than a definitive attribution, while explicitly noting that contributions from magnon population, interface conductance, or detection efficiency cannot be fully excluded without additional controls. This is a partial revision. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental extraction of diffusion length from thickness series

full rationale

The paper extracts the NiO spin diffusion length (4.2 nm at room temperature) directly from measured inverse spin Hall voltage versus NiO thickness, a standard independent experimental procedure with no equations or self-citations that reduce the reported value to a fitted input by construction. Temperature-dependent observations, including the 100 K peak and low-T Brillouin-function behavior, are presented as raw data with interpretive associations rather than derived predictions. No self-definitional steps, fitted-input-as-prediction, or load-bearing self-citation chains appear in the reported chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

Experimental paper; central claims rest on standard models of the spin Seebeck effect and inverse spin Hall effect in magnetic insulators plus the assumption that thickness series isolates the NiO diffusion length. No ad-hoc entities introduced.

free parameters (1)

NiO spin diffusion length
Extracted from thickness-dependent SSE signal amplitude; treated as the measured quantity rather than an input assumption.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Validity of the spin Seebeck effect for generating pure spin currents in YIG and inverse spin Hall effect for detection in Pt
Invoked throughout the abstract to interpret all signals as spin-current transport.
domain assumption Substrate (GGG) contribution can be isolated by its distinct field and temperature dependence below 30 K
Used to attribute low-T signals to Gd3+ rather than the trilayer.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5796 in / 1377 out tokens · 25303 ms · 2026-05-25T13:29:46.845931+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

27 extracted references · 27 canonical work pages

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Y. Cheng, K. Chen and S. Zhang, ``Giant magneto-spin-Seebeck effect and magnon transfer torques in insulating spin valves", Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 052405 (2018)

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B. Heinrich, C. Burrowes, E. Montoya, B. Kardasz, E. Girt, Y. Song, Y. Sun, and M. Wu, ``Spin pumping at the magnetic insulator (YIG)/normal metal (Au) interfaces", Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 066604 (2011)

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P. Schiffer, A. P. Ramirez, D. A. Huse, P. L. Gammel, U. Yaron, D. J. Bishop and A. J. Valentino, ``Frustration induced spin freezing in a site-ordered magnet: Gadolinium gallium garnet", Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(12), 2379 (1995)

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S. M. Wu, J. E. Pearson and A. Bhattacharya., ``Paramagnetic spin Seebeck effect." Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (18), 186602 (2015)

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Chang, P

H. Chang, P. Li, W. Zhang, T. Liu, A. Hoffmann, L. Deng, and M. Wu. ``Nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet films with extremely low damping", IEEE Magn. Lett. 5, 6700104 (2014)

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Y. Chen, D. Roy, E. Cogulu, H. Chang, M. Wu, and A. D. Kent. ``First harmonic measurements of the spin Seebeck effect", Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 202403 (2018)

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Chen, ``Spin Transport in Magnetic Insulators", Ph.D

Y. Chen, ``Spin Transport in Magnetic Insulators", Ph.D. thesis, New York University (01/2019), ProQuest Number 13420488

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Y. Hung, C. Hahn, H. Chang, M. Wu, H. Ohldag, A. D. Kent. ``Spin transport in antiferromagnetic NiO and magnetoresistance in Y_3Fe_5O_ 12 /NiO/Pt structures", AIP Advances 7(5):055903 (2017)

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a ui, ``Influence of thickness and interface on the low-temperature enhancement of the spin Seebeck effect in YIG films

E. J. Guo, J. Cramer, A. Kehlberger, C. A. Ferguson, D. A. MacLaren, G. Jakob and M. Kl \"a ui, ``Influence of thickness and interface on the low-temperature enhancement of the spin Seebeck effect in YIG films", Phys. Rev. X 6(3), 031012 (2016)

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[1] [1]

M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Etienne, G. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, ``Giant magnetoresistance of (001) Fe/(001) Cr magnetic superlattices'', Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472 (1988)

work page 1988

[2] [2]

unberg, F. Saurenbach, and W. Zinn, ``Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange

G. Binasch, P. Gr\"unberg, F. Saurenbach, and W. Zinn, ``Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange", Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828 (1989)

work page 1989

[3] [3]

Berger, ``Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current", Phys

L. Berger, ``Emission of spin waves by a magnetic multilayer traversed by a current", Phys. Rev. B 54(13), 9353 (1996)

work page 1996

[4] [4]

J. C. Slonczewski, ``Excitation of spin waves by an electric current", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 195(2), L261-L268 (1999)

work page 1999

[5] [5]

Kimura, Y

T. Kimura, Y. Otani, T. Sato, S. Takahashi, and S. Maekawa, ``Room-temperature reversible spin Hall effect." Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 156601 (2007)

work page 2007

[6] [6]

M. I. Dyakonov and V. I. Perel, ``Current-induced spin orientation of electrons in semiconductors", Phys. Lett. A 35(6), 459-460 (1971)

work page 1971

[7] [7]

J. E. Hirsch, ``Spin hall effect", Phys. Rev. Lett. 83(9), 1834 (1999)

work page 1999

[8] [8]

Zhang, ``Spin Hall effect in the presence of spin diffusion", Phys

S. Zhang, ``Spin Hall effect in the presence of spin diffusion", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(2), 393 (2000)

work page 2000

[9] [9]

Tserkovnyak, A

Y. Tserkovnyak, A. Brataas and G. E. Bauer, ``Enhanced Gilbert damping in thin ferromagnetic films", Phys. Rev. Lett. 88(11), 117601 (2002)

work page 2002

[10] [10]

Uchida, S

K. Uchida, S. Takahashi, K. Harii, J. Ieda, W. Koshibae, K. Ando, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh, ``Thermal spin pumping and magnon-phonon-mediated spin-Seebeck effect", Nature 455, 778 (2008)

work page 2008

[11] [11]

Uchida, H

K. Uchida, H. Adachi, T. Ota, H. Nakayama, S. Maekawa and E. Saitoh, ``Observation of longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect in magnetic insulators", Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(17), 172505 (2010)

work page 2010

[12] [12]

C. M. Jaworski, J. Yang, S. Mack, D. D. Awschalom, J. P. Heremans and R. C. Myers, ``Observation of the spin-Seebeck effect in a ferromagnetic semiconductor", Nature materials 9(11), 898 (2010)

work page 2010

[13] [13]

S. M. Wu, W. Zhang, K. C. Amit, P. Borisov, J. E. Pearson, J. S. Jiang, D. Lederman, A. Hoffmann and A. Bhattacharya, ``Antiferromagnetic spin Seebeck effect", Phys. Rev. Lett. 116(9), 097204 (2016)

work page 2016

[14] [14]

Dieny, V

B. Dieny, V. S. Speriosu, S. Metin, S. S. Parkin, B. A. Gurney, P. Baumgart and D. R. Wilhoit, ``Magnetotransport properties of magnetically soft spin-valve structures", Journal of Applied Physics 69 (8), 4774-4779 (1991)

work page 1991

[15] [15]

F. J. Jedema, A. T. Filip and B. J. Van Wees, ``Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve", Nature 410 (6826), 345 (2001)

work page 2001

[16] [16]

Cheng, K

Y. Cheng, K. Chen and S. Zhang, ``Giant magneto-spin-Seebeck effect and magnon transfer torques in insulating spin valves", Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 052405 (2018)

work page 2018

[17] [17]

C. Y. Guo, C. H. Wan, X. Wang, C. Fang, P. Tang, W. J. Kong, M. K. Zhao, L. N. Jiang, B. S. Tao, G. Q. Yu, and X. F. Han, ``Magnon valves based on YIG/NiO/YIG all-insulating magnon junctions", Phys. Rev. B 98(13), 134426 (2018)

work page 2018

[18] [18]

Heinrich, C

B. Heinrich, C. Burrowes, E. Montoya, B. Kardasz, E. Girt, Y. Song, Y. Sun, and M. Wu, ``Spin pumping at the magnetic insulator (YIG)/normal metal (Au) interfaces", Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 066604 (2011)

work page 2011

[19] [19]

Wesenberg, T

D. Wesenberg, T. Liu, D. Balzar, M. Wu and B. L. Zink, ``Long-distance spin transport in a disordered magnetic insulator", Nature Physics 13, 987 (2017)

work page 2017

[20] [20]

Schiffer, A

P. Schiffer, A. P. Ramirez, D. A. Huse, P. L. Gammel, U. Yaron, D. J. Bishop and A. J. Valentino, ``Frustration induced spin freezing in a site-ordered magnet: Gadolinium gallium garnet", Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(12), 2379 (1995)

work page 1995

[21] [21]

Oyanagi, S

K. Oyanagi, S. Takahashi, L. J. Cornelissen, J. Shan, S. Daimon, T. Kikkawa, G. E. W. Bauer, B. J. van Wees and E. Saitoh, ``Efficient spin transport in a paramagnetic insulator", arXiv:1811.11972 (Nov. 2018)

work page arXiv 2018

[22] [22]

S. M. Wu, J. E. Pearson and A. Bhattacharya., ``Paramagnetic spin Seebeck effect." Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 (18), 186602 (2015)

work page 2015

[23] [23]

Chang, P

H. Chang, P. Li, W. Zhang, T. Liu, A. Hoffmann, L. Deng, and M. Wu. ``Nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet films with extremely low damping", IEEE Magn. Lett. 5, 6700104 (2014)

work page 2014

[24] [24]

Y. Chen, D. Roy, E. Cogulu, H. Chang, M. Wu, and A. D. Kent. ``First harmonic measurements of the spin Seebeck effect", Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 202403 (2018)

work page 2018

[25] [25]

Chen, ``Spin Transport in Magnetic Insulators", Ph.D

Y. Chen, ``Spin Transport in Magnetic Insulators", Ph.D. thesis, New York University (01/2019), ProQuest Number 13420488

work page 2019

[26] [26]

Y. Hung, C. Hahn, H. Chang, M. Wu, H. Ohldag, A. D. Kent. ``Spin transport in antiferromagnetic NiO and magnetoresistance in Y_3Fe_5O_ 12 /NiO/Pt structures", AIP Advances 7(5):055903 (2017)

work page 2017

[27] [27]

a ui, ``Influence of thickness and interface on the low-temperature enhancement of the spin Seebeck effect in YIG films

E. J. Guo, J. Cramer, A. Kehlberger, C. A. Ferguson, D. A. MacLaren, G. Jakob and M. Kl \"a ui, ``Influence of thickness and interface on the low-temperature enhancement of the spin Seebeck effect in YIG films", Phys. Rev. X 6(3), 031012 (2016)

work page 2016