Study of Band structure, Transport and magnetic properties of BiFeO3-TbMnO3 composite

A. K. Ghosh; Amish G Joshi; Arkadeb Pal; Prince Kr. Gupta; Sandip Chatterjee; Somnath Roy; Surajit Ghosh

arxiv: 1906.09441 · v1 · pith:H5VY276Jnew · submitted 2019-06-22 · ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Study of Band structure, Transport and magnetic properties of BiFeO3-TbMnO3 composite

Prince Kr. Gupta , Surajit Ghosh , Arkadeb Pal , Somnath Roy , Amish G Joshi , A. K. Ghosh , Sandip Chatterjee This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-25 18:13 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mtrl-sci

keywords BiFeO3-TbMnO3 compositeband structuretransport propertiesmagnetic propertieslattice mismatchoxygen vacancysuperexchangemultiferroic

0 comments

The pith

BiFeO3-TbMnO3 composite shows insulating behavior from interface band reconstruction due to lattice mismatch and enhanced magnetism from superexchange among mixed-valence Mn ions

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper studies a composite made from two multiferroic materials, BiFeO3 and TbMnO3, aiming to enhance both magnetic and transport properties. Measurements reveal a narrower band gap compared to the individual compounds, with the valence band at 1.0 eV above the Fermi level and the conduction band at 0.45 eV below it. The insulating nature arises because the energy bands reconstruct at the interface between the two materials owing to their lattice mismatch. Increased magnetization and large coercivity result from superexchange interactions between manganese ions in mixed valence states, which are created by oxygen vacancies detected in the material.

Core claim

The insulating behavior of the system is understood from the reconstruction of the energy bands at the interface which happens due to lattice mismatch of the two materials. The large coercivity and the increase on the magnetization value are understood to be due to superexchange interaction between different Mn ions (Mn2+, Mn3+ and Mn4+). From the composition study of EDXA and core level x-ray photoemission spectra oxygen vacancy was found which in turn creates the mixed valence state of Mn to maintain the charge neutrality.

What carries the argument

Energy band reconstruction at the interface due to lattice mismatch, and superexchange interaction between mixed valence Mn ions from oxygen vacancies

If this is right

The composite has a narrower band gap than pure BiFeO3 or TbMnO3
Valence band sits 1.0 eV above the Fermi level and conduction band 0.45 eV below it
Oxygen vacancies produce mixed Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+ valence states
Superexchange among the mixed Mn ions produces large coercivity and higher magnetization

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Adjusting the relative amounts of the two phases could change the interface area and thus the strength of band reconstruction
Annealing the composite in oxygen to remove vacancies would test whether the mixed Mn states and magnetic enhancement disappear together

Load-bearing premise

The band positions measured by photoemission and the mixed Mn valence states are caused by lattice mismatch at the interface and oxygen vacancies rather than by strain, impurities, or artifacts in the spectra

What would settle it

A sample with matched lattices at the interface showing no band shift in photoemission spectra or a version without oxygen vacancies showing only single Mn valence would falsify the proposed mechanisms

read the original abstract

Magnetoelectric multiferroic composite of two types of multiferroic (Type I and II) consisting BiFeO3 and TbMnO3 is studied for enhanced magnetic and transport properties. A narrower band gap is estimated from the UV-visible absorption spectrum from that of BiFeO3 and TbMnO3. With known value of band gap, the band structure was estimated from the valence band x-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) and ultra violet photoemission spectra (UPS). The valence and conduction band was found at 1.0 eV and 0.45 eV above and below the Fermi level respectively. Thus the insulating behavior of the system is understood from the reconstruction of the energy bands at the interface which happens due to lattice mismatch of the two materials. The large coercivity and the increase on the magnetization value are understood to be due to superexchange interaction between different Mn ions (Mn2+, Mn3+ and Mn4+). From the composition study of EDXA and core level x-ray photoemission spectra oxygen vacancy was found which in turn creates the mixed valence state of Mn to maintain the charge neutrality.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The band positions as stated (VBM 1.0 eV above E_F, CBM 0.45 eV below) produce overlap rather than a gap, which directly contradicts the insulating claim and optical gap.

read the letter

The main thing here is the inconsistency in the band alignment. The abstract puts the valence band at 1.0 eV above the Fermi level and the conduction band at 0.45 eV below it. Those numbers give band overlap of about 1.45 eV, which would make the material metallic, not insulating. That undercuts the central claim that interface reconstruction from lattice mismatch explains the insulating behavior and the narrower optical gap seen in UV-vis. No correction or raw spectrum discussion appears to resolve the reference or sign issue. The rest of the work is a standard characterization of the BiFeO3-TbMnO3 composite. They report UV-vis absorption for the gap, XPS/UPS for the bands, EDXA plus core-level XPS for oxygen vacancies and mixed Mn valence, and magnetic data showing higher coercivity and magnetization. The attributions to superexchange between Mn2+/3+/4+ and to vacancy-induced valence mixing are the usual ones for these systems. What the paper does is supply numbers for this particular pair of multiferroics using established methods. That can be useful to someone already working on similar composites who needs a data point. The measurements themselves look routine and the trends are consistent with prior heterostructure expectations. The soft spots are the missing quantitative support and the load-bearing contradiction above. There are no error bars, no modeling of the mismatch strain, no comparison to controls, and no check on whether other factors like impurities or measurement artifacts could produce the same shifts. The magnetic explanation is plausible but not tested against alternatives. This is for specialists in multiferroic composites who might want the specific results on this mix. It does not open new mechanisms or resolve open questions. I would not bring it to reading group and would not send it for peer review because the internal inconsistency on the band structure is central to the argument.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports experimental characterization of a BiFeO3-TbMnO3 multiferroic composite, claiming a narrower optical gap (from UV-vis) than the parent compounds, band positions extracted from XPS/UPS (VBM at 1.0 eV above E_F and CBM at 0.45 eV below E_F) that are attributed to interface reconstruction driven by lattice mismatch, insulating transport arising from this reconstruction, and enhanced magnetization/coercivity arising from superexchange among mixed-valence Mn ions (Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+) stabilized by oxygen vacancies detected via EDX and core-level XPS.

Significance. If the band-edge assignments and mechanistic attributions can be placed on a sound footing with quantitative controls and consistent gap values, the work would add to the literature on interface-engineered multiferroic composites; the experimental data on transport, magnetism, and spectroscopy are of potential interest for magnetoelectric applications, but the current inconsistencies prevent that contribution from being realized.

major comments (2)

[Abstract] Abstract (and the band-structure estimation paragraph): the stated positions place the valence band maximum 1.0 eV above E_F and the conduction band minimum 0.45 eV below E_F, producing band overlap rather than a gap. This directly contradicts both the reported finite (though narrower) optical gap and the claim that the composite is insulating because of interface band reconstruction; no raw spectra, reference convention, or re-analysis is supplied to resolve the sign or zero of energy.
[Abstract / magnetic properties section] Abstract and discussion of magnetic properties: the attribution of increased coercivity and magnetization to superexchange among Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+ ions is presented without quantitative modeling, without comparison to control samples lacking oxygen vacancies, and without explicit demonstration that the observed mixed valence arises specifically from interface lattice mismatch rather than bulk defects or synthesis artifacts.

minor comments (2)

[Abstract] The sentence 'the valence and conduction band was found at 1.0 eV and 0.45 eV above and below the Fermi level respectively' contains a grammatical error and an ambiguous ordering that should be rewritten for clarity.
[Experimental results] No error bars or uncertainty estimates are provided on the extracted band edges, optical gap, or magnetic parameters, and no comparison to pure BiFeO3 or TbMnO3 reference films is shown.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments, which help clarify key issues in our manuscript. We address each major point below and will make revisions where the data permit.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract (and the band-structure estimation paragraph): the stated positions place the valence band maximum 1.0 eV above E_F and the conduction band minimum 0.45 eV below E_F, producing band overlap rather than a gap. This directly contradicts both the reported finite (though narrower) optical gap and the claim that the composite is insulating because of interface band reconstruction; no raw spectra, reference convention, or re-analysis is supplied to resolve the sign or zero of energy.

Authors: We agree that the reported band positions as written create an unphysical overlap and contradict the optical gap and insulating transport. This is an error in the sign convention and description of the energy scale in the abstract and text. Re-inspection of the XPS/UPS data shows the valence band maximum lies 1.0 eV below E_F and the conduction band minimum 0.45 eV above E_F, yielding a gap consistent with the ~1.45 eV optical value. We will correct the wording, add the raw spectra to the supplement, and explicitly state the Fermi-level reference (spectrometer zero) in the revised manuscript. revision: yes
Referee: [Abstract / magnetic properties section] Abstract and discussion of magnetic properties: the attribution of increased coercivity and magnetization to superexchange among Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+ ions is presented without quantitative modeling, without comparison to control samples lacking oxygen vacancies, and without explicit demonstration that the observed mixed valence arises specifically from interface lattice mismatch rather than bulk defects or synthesis artifacts.

Authors: The magnetic attribution is indeed qualitative and rests on the observed mixed Mn valence (from XPS and EDX) together with the known superexchange mechanism in mixed-valence manganites. We lack quantitative modeling (e.g., Heisenberg exchange calculations) and control samples deliberately prepared without oxygen vacancies. We will expand the discussion to cite relevant literature on Mn mixed-valence magnetism, note that the oxygen vacancies are detected in the composite but cannot be proven to originate exclusively from interface mismatch, and explicitly state these limitations. Additional controls would require new experiments outside the present scope. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental measurements with post-hoc interpretations

full rationale

The paper presents direct experimental data (UV-vis absorption for optical gap, XPS/UPS spectra for band-edge positions relative to E_F, EDXA and core-level XPS for oxygen vacancies and Mn valence states, plus magnetic hysteresis). The insulating-behavior claim is an interpretive statement attributing the measured band positions to interface reconstruction from lattice mismatch; this attribution is not derived from any equation, fit, or self-citation that reduces to the input data by construction. No mathematical derivations, parameter fitting presented as prediction, or load-bearing self-citations appear. The measurements stand as independent observations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claims rest on standard assumptions of photoemission spectroscopy and elemental analysis rather than new postulates or fitted parameters.

axioms (2)

domain assumption XPS and UPS spectra directly indicate the positions of valence and conduction bands relative to the Fermi level without significant surface or charging artifacts.
Invoked to locate bands at 1.0 eV and 0.45 eV from the Fermi level.
domain assumption Detected oxygen deficiency produces mixed Mn valence states that enable superexchange responsible for the observed magnetic enhancement.
Used to connect EDXA/XPS oxygen vacancy signal to the magnetic data.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5767 in / 1452 out tokens · 33468 ms · 2026-05-25T18:13:00.009291+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

51 extracted references · 51 canonical work pages

[1]

D., Scott, J

Eerenstein, W., Mathur, N. D., Scott, J. F., Nature 442, 759 (2006)

work page 2006
[2]

Fiebig, M. J., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, R123 (2005)

work page 2005
[3]

B., Rivera, J

VanAken, B. B., Rivera, J. P., Schmid, H., Fiebig, M., Nature 449, 702 (2007)

work page 2007
[4]

Gehring, P

Xu, G., Wen, J., Stock, C. Gehring, P. M., Nat. Mater. 7, 562 (2008)

work page 2008
[5]

B., Zheng, H., Nagarajan, V., Ogale, S

Wang, J., Neaton, J. B., Zheng, H., Nagarajan, V., Ogale, S. B., Liu, B., Viehland, D. Vaithyanathan, V., Schlom, D. G., Wuttig, M., Ramesh, R., Science 299, 1719 (2003)

work page 2003
[6]

Fischer, P., Polomska, M., Sosnowska, I., Szymanksi, M., J. Phys. C: Condens. Matter 13, 1931 (1980)

work page 1931
[7]

P., Bezinges, A., Monnier, A., Schmid, H., Jpn

Tabares-Munoz, C., Rivera, J. P., Bezinges, A., Monnier, A., Schmid, H., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 24, 1051 (1985)

work page 1985
[8]

J., Papaefthymiou, G

Park, T. J., Papaefthymiou, G. C., Viescas, A. J., Moodenbaugh, A. R. , Wong, S. S. , Nano Lett. 7, 766 (2007)

work page 2007
[9]

M., Einarsrud, M.-A., Grande, T., Chem

Selbach, S. M., Einarsrud, M.-A., Grande, T., Chem. Mater. 21, 169 (2009)

work page 2009
[10]

Rojac, T., Kosec, M., Budic, B., Setter, N., Damjanovic, D., J. Appl. Phys. 108, 074107 (2010)

work page 2010
[11]

Rojac, T., Kosec, M., Damjanovic, D., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 4108 (2011)

work page 2011
[12]

Ramachandran, B., Dixit, A., Naik, R., Lawes, G., R. Rao, M. S., J. Appl. Phys. 111, 023910 (2012)

work page 2012
[13]

X., Li, A

Cheng, Z. X., Li, A. H., Wang, X. L., Dou, S. X., Ozawa, K., Kimura, H. Zhang, S. J., Shrout, T. R., J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07E507 (2008)

work page 2008
[14]

L., Or, S

Yuan, G. L., Or, S. W., Liu J. M., Liu Z. G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 052905 (2006)

work page 2006
[15]

Li, Y., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Liu, H., Dong, X., Mao, W., Dong, C., Liu, S., Li, X., Wei, S., Mater. Lett. 87, 117 (2012)

work page 2012
[16]

Xu, J., Xie, D., Yin, C., Feng, T., Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Li, G., Ren, T.-L., Guan, Y., Gao, X., Pan, W., Mater. Lett. 122, 139 (2014)

work page 2014
[17]

P., Pandeya, D., Appl

Singh, A., Patel J. P., Pandeya, D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 142909 (2009)

work page 2009
[18]

D., Phys

Basu, A., Jana, R., Ranjan, R., Mukherjee, G. D., Phys. Rev. B 93, 214114 (2016)

work page 2016
[19]

M., Kleibeuker, J

Choi, E. M., Kleibeuker, J. E., Fix, T., Xiong, J., Kinane, C. J., Arena, D., Langridge, S., Chen, A., Bi, Z., Lee, J. H., Wang, H., Jia, Q., Blamire, M. G., MacManus-Driscoll, J. L., Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 1500597 (2016)

work page 2016
[20]

S., Okamoto, S., Rossell, M

Yu, P., Lee, J. S., Okamoto, S., Rossell, M. D., Huijben, M., Yang, C. H., He, Q., Zhang, J. X., Yang, S. Y., Lee, M. J., Ramasse, Q. M., Erni, R., Chu, Y. H., Arena, D. A., Kao, C. C., Martin, L. W., Ramesh, R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 027201 (2010)

work page 2010
[21]

Kimura, T., Goto, T., Shintani, H., Ishizaka, K., Arima, T., Tokura, Y., Nature, 426, 55 (2003)

work page 2003
[22]

Prokhnenko, O., Aliouane, N., Feyerherm, R., Dudzik, E., Wolter, A. U. B., Maljuk, A., Kiefer, K., Argyriou, D. N., Phys. Rev. B, 81, 02441 (2010)

work page 2010
[23]

B 46, 698 (1990)

Kubel, F., Schmid, H., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 46, 698 (1990)

work page 1990
[24]

K., Ghosh, S., Kumar, S., Pal, A., Singh, R., Singh, A., Roy, S., Schwier, E

Gupta, P. K., Ghosh, S., Kumar, S., Pal, A., Singh, R., Singh, A., Roy, S., Schwier, E. F., Sawada, M., Matsumura, T., Shimada, K., Lin, H. J., Chin, Y. Y., Ghosh, A. K., Chatterjee, S., arXiv:1901.02275

work page arXiv 1901
[25]

K., Singh, R

Kumar, A., Shahi, P., Kumar, S., Shukla, K. K., Singh, R. K., Ghosh, A. K., Nigam, A. K., Chatterjee, S., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46, 125001 (2013)

work page 2013
[26]

K., Naik, L

Bammannavar, B. K., Naik, L. R., Chougule, B. K., J. Appl. Phys., 104, 064123 (2008)

work page 2008
[27]

M., Pal, M., Basu S., Appl

Mukherjee, A., Hossain, S. M., Pal, M., Basu S., Appl. Nanoscience, 2, 305 (2012)

work page 2012
[28]

Wu, J., Wang, J., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 2795 (2010)

work page 2010
[29]

L., Singh R., J

Adhlakha, N., Yadav, K. L., Singh R., J. Mat. Sci., 50, 2073 (2012)

work page 2073
[30]

K., Ramaprabhu, S., Energy Environ

Mishra, A. K., Ramaprabhu, S., Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 889 (2011)

work page 2011
[31]

C., Singh, M., RSC Adv

Chauhan, S., Kumar, M., Chhoker, S., Katyal, S. C., Singh, M., RSC Adv. 6, 43080 (2016)

work page 2016
[32]

Fujii, T., Groot, F. M. F., Sawatzky, G. A., Voogt, F. C., Hibma, T., Okada, K., Phys. Rev. B 59, 3195 (1999)

work page 1999
[33]

Ghosh, S., Srivastava, N., Srivastava, P. C., J. All. Comp., 612, 418 (2014)

work page 2014
[34]

Di, L., Yang, H., Xian, T., Chen, X., Materials 10, 1118 (2017)

work page 2017
[35]

S., Lee, H

Kang, J. S., Lee, H. J., Kim, G., Kim, D. H., Dabrowski, B., Kolesnik, S., Lee, H., Kim, J. Y., Min, B. I., Phys. Rev. B, 78, 054434 (2008)

work page 2008
[36]

S., Yang, J

Kim, M. S., Yang, J. B., Cai, Q., Zhou, X. D., James, W. J., Yelon, W. B., Parris, P. E., Buddhikot, D., Malik, S. K., Phys. Rev. B, 71, 014433 (2005)

work page 2005
[37]

R., Balakumar, S., Phys

Bharathkumar, S., Sakar, M., Vinod, K. R., Balakumar, S., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 17745 (2015)

work page 2015
[38]

Patel, S. K. S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, M.-K., Bhoi, B., Kim, S.-K., J. Mater. Chem. C, 6, 526 (2018)

work page 2018
[39]

Nistor C, Krull C, Mugarza A, Stepanow S, Stamm C, Soares M, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M and Gambardella P 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 184402

work page 2015
[40]

J., Liang, S., Yu, R., Salafranca, J., Dong, S., Yunoki, S., Brey, L., Moreo, A., Dagotto, E., Phys

Calderón, M. J., Liang, S., Yu, R., Salafranca, J., Dong, S., Yunoki, S., Brey, L., Moreo, A., Dagotto, E., Phys. Rev. B, 84, 024422 (2011)

work page 2011
[41]

Tauc, J., Grigorvici, R., Yanca, Y., Phys Status Solidi, 15, 627 (1966)

work page 1966
[42]

F., Podraza, N

Ihlefeld, J. F., Podraza, N. J., Liu, Z. K., Rai, R. C., Xu, X., Heeg, T., Chen, Y. B., Li, J., Collins, R. W., Musfeldt , J. L., Pan , X. Q., Schubert , J., Ramesh , R., Schlom, D. G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 142908 (2008)

work page 2008
[43]

D., Dunn, S

Hengky, C., Moya, X., Mathur, N. D., Dunn, S. RSC Advances, 2, 11843 (2012)

work page 2012
[44]

Zhang, X., Liu, H., Zheng, B., Lin, Y., Liu, D., Nan, C. W., J. Nanomater. 2013, 917948 (2013)

work page 2013
[45]

Kang, Q., et al. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5766 (2013)

work page 2013
[46]

D., Joshi, A

Dwivedi, G. D., Joshi, A. G., Kumar, S., Chou, H., Yang, K. S., Jhong, D. J., Chan, W. L. Ghosh, A. K., Chatterjee, S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 172402 (2016)

work page 2016
[47]

I., Efros, A

Shklovskii, B. I., Efros, A. L., Electronic Properties of Doped Semiconductors (Springer, Berlin, 1984)

work page 1984
[48]

Wang, H., Li, G., Zhao, M., Li L., Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 152109 (2012)

work page 2012
[49]

J., Papaefthymiou , G

Park, T. J., Papaefthymiou , G. C., Viescas , A. J., Moodenbaugh , A. R., Wong, S. S., Nano Lett., 7, 766 (2007)

work page 2007
[50]

B., Phys

Goodenough, J. B., Phys. Rev. 100, 564 (1955)

work page 1955
[51]

Kanamori, J., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 10, 87 (1959). Figure 1 (a)-(c): FESEM images from fractured surfaces of the single phase BFO, TMO and composite 0.7BFO-0.3TMO respectively and insets shows the corresponding calculation of grains size bye image j software. (d) shows EDXA graph of the composite 0.7BFO -0.3TMO with its che mical composition in the insets...

work page 1959

[1] [1]

D., Scott, J

Eerenstein, W., Mathur, N. D., Scott, J. F., Nature 442, 759 (2006)

work page 2006

[2] [2]

Fiebig, M. J., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 38, R123 (2005)

work page 2005

[3] [3]

B., Rivera, J

VanAken, B. B., Rivera, J. P., Schmid, H., Fiebig, M., Nature 449, 702 (2007)

work page 2007

[4] [4]

Gehring, P

Xu, G., Wen, J., Stock, C. Gehring, P. M., Nat. Mater. 7, 562 (2008)

work page 2008

[5] [5]

B., Zheng, H., Nagarajan, V., Ogale, S

Wang, J., Neaton, J. B., Zheng, H., Nagarajan, V., Ogale, S. B., Liu, B., Viehland, D. Vaithyanathan, V., Schlom, D. G., Wuttig, M., Ramesh, R., Science 299, 1719 (2003)

work page 2003

[6] [6]

Fischer, P., Polomska, M., Sosnowska, I., Szymanksi, M., J. Phys. C: Condens. Matter 13, 1931 (1980)

work page 1931

[7] [7]

P., Bezinges, A., Monnier, A., Schmid, H., Jpn

Tabares-Munoz, C., Rivera, J. P., Bezinges, A., Monnier, A., Schmid, H., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 24, 1051 (1985)

work page 1985

[8] [8]

J., Papaefthymiou, G

Park, T. J., Papaefthymiou, G. C., Viescas, A. J., Moodenbaugh, A. R. , Wong, S. S. , Nano Lett. 7, 766 (2007)

work page 2007

[9] [9]

M., Einarsrud, M.-A., Grande, T., Chem

Selbach, S. M., Einarsrud, M.-A., Grande, T., Chem. Mater. 21, 169 (2009)

work page 2009

[10] [10]

Rojac, T., Kosec, M., Budic, B., Setter, N., Damjanovic, D., J. Appl. Phys. 108, 074107 (2010)

work page 2010

[11] [11]

Rojac, T., Kosec, M., Damjanovic, D., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94, 4108 (2011)

work page 2011

[12] [12]

Ramachandran, B., Dixit, A., Naik, R., Lawes, G., R. Rao, M. S., J. Appl. Phys. 111, 023910 (2012)

work page 2012

[13] [13]

X., Li, A

Cheng, Z. X., Li, A. H., Wang, X. L., Dou, S. X., Ozawa, K., Kimura, H. Zhang, S. J., Shrout, T. R., J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07E507 (2008)

work page 2008

[14] [14]

L., Or, S

Yuan, G. L., Or, S. W., Liu J. M., Liu Z. G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 052905 (2006)

work page 2006

[15] [15]

Li, Y., Zhang, H., Li, Q., Liu, H., Dong, X., Mao, W., Dong, C., Liu, S., Li, X., Wei, S., Mater. Lett. 87, 117 (2012)

work page 2012

[16] [16]

Xu, J., Xie, D., Yin, C., Feng, T., Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Li, G., Ren, T.-L., Guan, Y., Gao, X., Pan, W., Mater. Lett. 122, 139 (2014)

work page 2014

[17] [17]

P., Pandeya, D., Appl

Singh, A., Patel J. P., Pandeya, D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 142909 (2009)

work page 2009

[18] [18]

D., Phys

Basu, A., Jana, R., Ranjan, R., Mukherjee, G. D., Phys. Rev. B 93, 214114 (2016)

work page 2016

[19] [19]

M., Kleibeuker, J

Choi, E. M., Kleibeuker, J. E., Fix, T., Xiong, J., Kinane, C. J., Arena, D., Langridge, S., Chen, A., Bi, Z., Lee, J. H., Wang, H., Jia, Q., Blamire, M. G., MacManus-Driscoll, J. L., Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 1500597 (2016)

work page 2016

[20] [20]

S., Okamoto, S., Rossell, M

Yu, P., Lee, J. S., Okamoto, S., Rossell, M. D., Huijben, M., Yang, C. H., He, Q., Zhang, J. X., Yang, S. Y., Lee, M. J., Ramasse, Q. M., Erni, R., Chu, Y. H., Arena, D. A., Kao, C. C., Martin, L. W., Ramesh, R., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 027201 (2010)

work page 2010

[21] [21]

Kimura, T., Goto, T., Shintani, H., Ishizaka, K., Arima, T., Tokura, Y., Nature, 426, 55 (2003)

work page 2003

[22] [22]

Prokhnenko, O., Aliouane, N., Feyerherm, R., Dudzik, E., Wolter, A. U. B., Maljuk, A., Kiefer, K., Argyriou, D. N., Phys. Rev. B, 81, 02441 (2010)

work page 2010

[23] [23]

B 46, 698 (1990)

Kubel, F., Schmid, H., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B 46, 698 (1990)

work page 1990

[24] [24]

K., Ghosh, S., Kumar, S., Pal, A., Singh, R., Singh, A., Roy, S., Schwier, E

Gupta, P. K., Ghosh, S., Kumar, S., Pal, A., Singh, R., Singh, A., Roy, S., Schwier, E. F., Sawada, M., Matsumura, T., Shimada, K., Lin, H. J., Chin, Y. Y., Ghosh, A. K., Chatterjee, S., arXiv:1901.02275

work page arXiv 1901

[25] [25]

K., Singh, R

Kumar, A., Shahi, P., Kumar, S., Shukla, K. K., Singh, R. K., Ghosh, A. K., Nigam, A. K., Chatterjee, S., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46, 125001 (2013)

work page 2013

[26] [26]

K., Naik, L

Bammannavar, B. K., Naik, L. R., Chougule, B. K., J. Appl. Phys., 104, 064123 (2008)

work page 2008

[27] [27]

M., Pal, M., Basu S., Appl

Mukherjee, A., Hossain, S. M., Pal, M., Basu S., Appl. Nanoscience, 2, 305 (2012)

work page 2012

[28] [28]

Wu, J., Wang, J., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 2795 (2010)

work page 2010

[29] [29]

L., Singh R., J

Adhlakha, N., Yadav, K. L., Singh R., J. Mat. Sci., 50, 2073 (2012)

work page 2073

[30] [30]

K., Ramaprabhu, S., Energy Environ

Mishra, A. K., Ramaprabhu, S., Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 889 (2011)

work page 2011

[31] [31]

C., Singh, M., RSC Adv

Chauhan, S., Kumar, M., Chhoker, S., Katyal, S. C., Singh, M., RSC Adv. 6, 43080 (2016)

work page 2016

[32] [32]

Fujii, T., Groot, F. M. F., Sawatzky, G. A., Voogt, F. C., Hibma, T., Okada, K., Phys. Rev. B 59, 3195 (1999)

work page 1999

[33] [33]

Ghosh, S., Srivastava, N., Srivastava, P. C., J. All. Comp., 612, 418 (2014)

work page 2014

[34] [34]

Di, L., Yang, H., Xian, T., Chen, X., Materials 10, 1118 (2017)

work page 2017

[35] [35]

S., Lee, H

Kang, J. S., Lee, H. J., Kim, G., Kim, D. H., Dabrowski, B., Kolesnik, S., Lee, H., Kim, J. Y., Min, B. I., Phys. Rev. B, 78, 054434 (2008)

work page 2008

[36] [36]

S., Yang, J

Kim, M. S., Yang, J. B., Cai, Q., Zhou, X. D., James, W. J., Yelon, W. B., Parris, P. E., Buddhikot, D., Malik, S. K., Phys. Rev. B, 71, 014433 (2005)

work page 2005

[37] [37]

R., Balakumar, S., Phys

Bharathkumar, S., Sakar, M., Vinod, K. R., Balakumar, S., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17, 17745 (2015)

work page 2015

[38] [38]

Patel, S. K. S., Lee, J.-H., Kim, M.-K., Bhoi, B., Kim, S.-K., J. Mater. Chem. C, 6, 526 (2018)

work page 2018

[39] [39]

Nistor C, Krull C, Mugarza A, Stepanow S, Stamm C, Soares M, Klyatskaya S, Ruben M and Gambardella P 2015 Phys. Rev. B 92 184402

work page 2015

[40] [40]

J., Liang, S., Yu, R., Salafranca, J., Dong, S., Yunoki, S., Brey, L., Moreo, A., Dagotto, E., Phys

Calderón, M. J., Liang, S., Yu, R., Salafranca, J., Dong, S., Yunoki, S., Brey, L., Moreo, A., Dagotto, E., Phys. Rev. B, 84, 024422 (2011)

work page 2011

[41] [41]

Tauc, J., Grigorvici, R., Yanca, Y., Phys Status Solidi, 15, 627 (1966)

work page 1966

[42] [42]

F., Podraza, N

Ihlefeld, J. F., Podraza, N. J., Liu, Z. K., Rai, R. C., Xu, X., Heeg, T., Chen, Y. B., Li, J., Collins, R. W., Musfeldt , J. L., Pan , X. Q., Schubert , J., Ramesh , R., Schlom, D. G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 142908 (2008)

work page 2008

[43] [43]

D., Dunn, S

Hengky, C., Moya, X., Mathur, N. D., Dunn, S. RSC Advances, 2, 11843 (2012)

work page 2012

[44] [44]

Zhang, X., Liu, H., Zheng, B., Lin, Y., Liu, D., Nan, C. W., J. Nanomater. 2013, 917948 (2013)

work page 2013

[45] [45]

Kang, Q., et al. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 5766 (2013)

work page 2013

[46] [46]

D., Joshi, A

Dwivedi, G. D., Joshi, A. G., Kumar, S., Chou, H., Yang, K. S., Jhong, D. J., Chan, W. L. Ghosh, A. K., Chatterjee, S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 172402 (2016)

work page 2016

[47] [47]

I., Efros, A

Shklovskii, B. I., Efros, A. L., Electronic Properties of Doped Semiconductors (Springer, Berlin, 1984)

work page 1984

[48] [48]

Wang, H., Li, G., Zhao, M., Li L., Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 152109 (2012)

work page 2012

[49] [49]

J., Papaefthymiou , G

Park, T. J., Papaefthymiou , G. C., Viescas , A. J., Moodenbaugh , A. R., Wong, S. S., Nano Lett., 7, 766 (2007)

work page 2007

[50] [50]

B., Phys

Goodenough, J. B., Phys. Rev. 100, 564 (1955)

work page 1955

[51] [51]

Kanamori, J., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 10, 87 (1959). Figure 1 (a)-(c): FESEM images from fractured surfaces of the single phase BFO, TMO and composite 0.7BFO-0.3TMO respectively and insets shows the corresponding calculation of grains size bye image j software. (d) shows EDXA graph of the composite 0.7BFO -0.3TMO with its che mical composition in the insets...

work page 1959