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Merge, Ensemble, and Cooperate! A Survey on Collaborative Strategies in the Era of Large Language Models

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arxiv 2407.06089 v1 pith:HGBUWQE6 submitted 2024-07-08 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords llmscollaborativedifferentensemblelanguageresearchstrategiesapplications
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The remarkable success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered natural language processing (NLP) research into a new era. Despite their diverse capabilities, LLMs trained on different corpora exhibit varying strengths and weaknesses, leading to challenges in maximizing their overall efficiency and versatility. To address these challenges, recent studies have explored collaborative strategies for LLMs. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of this emerging research area, highlighting the motivation behind such collaborations. Specifically, we categorize collaborative strategies into three primary approaches: Merging, Ensemble, and Cooperation. Merging involves integrating multiple LLMs in the parameter space. Ensemble combines the outputs of various LLMs. Cooperation} leverages different LLMs to allow full play to their diverse capabilities for specific tasks. We provide in-depth introductions to these methods from different perspectives and discuss their potential applications. Additionally, we outline future research directions, hoping this work will catalyze further studies on LLM collaborations and paving the way for advanced NLP applications.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Enough is as good as a feast: A Comprehensive Analysis of How Reinforcement Learning Mitigates Task Conflicts in LLMs

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    RL-trained LLMs keep most of their skills after weight merging, while SFT-trained LLMs drop about 19% on average, because RL keeps parameter updates smaller and more task-compatible.

  2. Quality-of-Service Aware LLM Routing for Edge Computing with Multiple Experts

    cs.NI 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A DRL router using graph attention state abstraction and QoS-aware rewards improves average QoS by up to 35.78% over four baselines in simulated edge LLM routing.

  3. TokAlign: Efficient Vocabulary Adaptation via Token Alignment

    cs.CL 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    TokAlign aligns source and target BPE token vocabularies using GloVe co-occurrence embeddings and re-initializes LLM embeddings, recovering within 5k steps and enabling token-level distillation.

  4. Rethinking Heterogeneous LLM Merging: A Weighted Model Averaging Perspective

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    After truncating or expanding checkpoints to a shared shape, small-ratio weight averaging slightly improves average benchmark scores over strong Qwen sources, but headline gains are inflated by per-task best-ratio selection.

  5. PSO-Merging: Merging Models Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

    cs.LG 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    PSO-Merging applies particle swarm optimization over model weight space, seeded with original and sparsified experts, to build multitask models that outperform existing merging baselines on several language benchmarks.

  6. Toward Edge General Intelligence with Multiple-Large Language Model (Multi-LLM): Architecture, Trust, and Orchestration

    cs.NI 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey of multi-LLM systems in edge computing, covering architectures, enabling technologies, trust mechanisms, applications, and open datasets for edge general intelligence.

  7. Model Merging for Knowledge Editing

    cs.AI 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    R-SFT plus task-vector scaling and pruning is proposed for knowledge editing, but the claimed sequential-editing advantage is not validated by the reported experiments.

  8. Hierarchical Debate-Based Large Language Model (LLM) for Complex Task Planning of 6G Network Management

    eess.SY 2025-06 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A hierarchical debate framework, in which LLMs first decompose a 6G task and then refine each sub-task, improves keyword coverage over one-shot and regular single-level debate on the 6GPlan benchmark.

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