pith. sign in

arxiv: 2605.21375 · v1 · pith:J3SJJZFInew · submitted 2026-05-20 · 🌌 astro-ph.HE

Compact Object Astrophysics with Frontline Astrometry

P. Gandhi (Univ. Southampton , IUCAA) This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 03:26 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.HE
keywords astrometryGaia DR3compact objectsneutron starsblack holespeculiar velocitiesnatal kicksX-ray binaries
0
0 comments X

The pith

Gaia astrometry indicates that accreting binaries show peculiar velocities depending on compact object mass, with neutron stars and black holes behaving similarly.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reviews advances from micro-arcsecond astrometry in understanding neutron stars and black holes across mass scales. It places recent Gaia Data Release 3 results on positions and motions in the context of natal kicks from supernova formation. The central results highlight evidence that peculiar velocities in accreting binaries scale with the mass of the compact object while also showing close kinematic similarity between neutron stars and black holes. These measurements matter because they constrain the physical processes that eject compact objects from their birth sites and shape the galactic distribution of binaries. The review also points to future surveys that could detect recoiling supermassive black holes and to possible lunar-based platforms for higher-precision X-ray astrometry.

Core claim

High-precision astrometry from Gaia DR3 provides evidence for mass-dependent peculiar velocities among accreting binaries together with a close similarity in the space motions of neutron stars and black holes. These findings build on established ideas about natal kicks imparted during compact object formation and extend them to current observations of X-ray binaries.

What carries the argument

Gaia DR3 proper motions and parallaxes used to derive peculiar velocities of accreting X-ray binaries containing neutron stars or black holes.

If this is right

  • Supernova kick mechanisms must incorporate a systematic dependence on the mass of the resulting compact object.
  • Binary evolution models should reproduce similar ejection velocities for both neutron-star and black-hole systems.
  • Next-generation astrometric surveys will be able to identify recoiling supermassive black holes displaced from galactic nuclei by gravitational-wave kicks.
  • Lunar-surface instruments could achieve larger collecting areas and finer astrometric precision in X-rays than current space telescopes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The reported similarity between neutron-star and black-hole velocities may partly arise from the way accreting systems are selected rather than from identical formation physics.
  • These velocity trends could be used to refine estimates of the total number and spatial distribution of compact-object binaries in the Milky Way.
  • Multi-wavelength follow-up of the same systems might test whether the mass-velocity relation persists outside of active accretion phases.

Load-bearing premise

The peculiar velocities derived from Gaia DR3 astrometric data accurately reflect the intrinsic space motions of the binaries without dominant systematic errors or selection biases in the sample.

What would settle it

Reprocessing the Gaia DR3 sample with revised error budgets or selection criteria that removes the reported mass dependence in peculiar velocities.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.21375 by IUCAA), P. Gandhi (Univ. Southampton.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Astrometric precision scales spanning several orders of magnitude in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Mass-dependent peculiar velocities of compact-object binaries from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_2.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Astrometry - the precise measurement of celestial positions and motions - is entering the micro-arcsecond ($\mu$as) era at multiple wavelengths, enabling new insights on compact objects across all mass scales. Here we review how high-precision astrometry is advancing our understanding of compact objects - neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs). We provide the context for high precision astrometry before discussing natal kicks and the latest results from Gaia Data Release 3 (DR3). We highlight the evidence for mass-dependent peculiar velocities of accreting binaries, and also reveal a close similarity between NSs and BHs. Next-generation surveys will find recoiling supermassive BHs (SMBHs) in galactic nuclei, exploring how gravitational-wave-induced kicks operate. Exploitation of scientific opportunities on the lunar surface could facilitate much larger collecting areas and astrometric precision in X-rays than currently feasible.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review of high-precision astrometry for compact-object astrophysics. It covers the micro-arcsecond era enabled by Gaia and other facilities, natal kicks, and Gaia DR3 results on accreting binaries. The central claims are that these data show mass-dependent peculiar velocities among accreting systems and a close similarity between neutron-star and black-hole populations; it also outlines prospects for next-generation surveys and lunar-surface X-ray astrometry.

Significance. If the Gaia DR3 velocity trends survive bias corrections, the synthesis would usefully constrain kick distributions and binary-evolution pathways across the NS–BH mass range. The review format itself is a strength when it compiles and contextualizes existing catalogs without introducing new free parameters or circular fits.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and discussion of Gaia DR3 results] The highlighted claim of mass-dependent peculiar velocities and NS–BH similarity rests on the assumption that the Gaia DR3 sample of accreting binaries is unbiased in velocity space. Because selection is via X-ray or optical activity, distance-dependent parallax precision and magnitude limits can correlate with mass and velocity; without explicit bias modeling or completeness corrections in the compiled results, the mass dependence could be an observational artifact rather than intrinsic. This is load-bearing for the central interpretive claim.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract states that the work 'reveal[s] a close similarity between NSs and BHs' but does not specify the quantitative metric (e.g., Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic or velocity dispersion ratio) used to establish similarity; adding this would improve clarity.
  2. Future lunar-surface X-ray astrometry is mentioned only briefly; a short paragraph on achievable collecting area versus current missions would help readers assess the claimed advantage.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and for highlighting the importance of selection biases in interpreting the Gaia DR3 results. We respond to the major comment point by point below and have made revisions to address the concern.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: The highlighted claim of mass-dependent peculiar velocities and NS–BH similarity rests on the assumption that the Gaia DR3 sample of accreting binaries is unbiased in velocity space. Because selection is via X-ray or optical activity, distance-dependent parallax precision and magnitude limits can correlate with mass and velocity; without explicit bias modeling or completeness corrections in the compiled results, the mass dependence could be an observational artifact rather than intrinsic. This is load-bearing for the central interpretive claim.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the Gaia DR3 sample of accreting binaries is subject to selection effects due to X-ray and optical detection methods, which could introduce correlations between observed velocity, distance, and system mass. The original studies contributing to the compiled results have discussed sample selection to varying degrees, but we agree that a more explicit treatment of potential biases would strengthen the manuscript. In the revised version, we will expand the section on Gaia DR3 results to include a dedicated paragraph or subsection outlining these observational biases and their possible impact on the inferred mass-dependent peculiar velocities. We will also temper the language around the central claims to emphasize that the observed trends are suggestive and merit further investigation with bias-corrected samples. This approach preserves the review's synthesis while addressing the referee's valid concern about the robustness of the interpretation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: review compiles external Gaia DR3 and cited observations without internal derivations or self-referential loops

full rationale

This is a review paper summarizing astrometric results on compact objects from external sources including Gaia DR3 data releases and prior literature. No new derivations, parameter fits, or first-principles predictions are presented that reduce to the paper's own inputs by construction. Claims about mass-dependent peculiar velocities and NS-BH similarities are attributed to the cited survey data rather than generated internally. The absence of any self-citation load-bearing steps, ansatzes, or fitted inputs renamed as predictions means the derivation chain (such as it exists) is self-contained against external benchmarks. This is the expected outcome for a review compiling independent observations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

As a review, the central points rest on standard domain assumptions about the reliability of astrometric data from public surveys rather than new free parameters or postulated entities.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Gaia DR3 provides reliable astrometric measurements of peculiar velocities for accreting compact object binaries.
    Invoked when presenting evidence for mass-dependent velocities and NS-BH similarities from Gaia DR3.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5677 in / 1279 out tokens · 45439 ms · 2026-05-21T03:26:24.076020+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

54 extracted references · 54 canonical work pages · 2 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Prusti, J.H.J

    Gaia Collaboration, T. Prusti, J.H.J. de Bruijne, A.G.A. Brown, A. Val- lenari, C. Babusiaux, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones, U. Bastian, M. Biermann, D.W. Evans, L. Eyer, F. Jansen, C. Jordi, S.A. Klioner, U. Lam- mers, L. Lindegren, X. Luri, F. Mignard, D.J. Milligan, C. Panem, V. Poinsignon, D. Pourbaix, S. Randich, G. Sarri, P. Sartoretti, H.I. Sid- diqui, C. So...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629272 2016

  2. [2]

    M.J. Reid, M. Honma, ARA&A52, 339 (2014). DOI 10.1146/ annurev-astro-081913-040006

    work page 2014

  3. [3]

    Panuzzo, T

    Gaia Collaboration, P. Panuzzo, T. Mazeh, F. Arenou, B. Holl, E. Caf- fau, A. Jorissen, C. Babusiaux, P. Gavras, J. Sahlmann, U. Bas- tian, Ł. Wyrzykowski, L. Eyer, N. Leclerc, N. Bauchet, A. Bombrun, N. Mowlavi, G.M. Seabroke, D. Teyssier, E. Balbinot, A. Helmi, A.G.A. Brown, A. Vallenari, T. Prusti, J.H.J. de Bruijne, A. Barbier, M. Bier- mann, O.L. Cre...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449763 2024

  4. [4]

    K.C. Sahu, J. Anderson, S. Casertano, H.E. Bond, A. Udalski, M. Do- minik, A. Calamida, A. Bellini, T.M. Brown, M. Rejkuba, V. Bajaj, N. Kains, H.C. Ferguson, C.L. Fryer, P. Yock, P. Mróz, S. Kozłowski, P. Pietrukowicz, R. Poleski, J. Skowron, I. Soszyński, M.K. Szymański, K. Ulaczyk, Ł. Wyrzykowski, R.K. Barry, D.P. Bennett, I.A. Bond, Y. Hirao, S.I. Sil...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac739e 2022

  5. [5]

    Brown, ARA&A53, 15 (2015)

    W.R. Brown, ARA&A53, 15 (2015). DOI 10.1146/ annurev-astro-082214-122230

    work page 2015

  6. [6]

    Y. Zhao, P. Gandhi, C. Dashwood Brown, C. Knigge, P.A. Charles, T.J. Maccarone, P. Nuchvanichakul, MNRAS525(1), 1498 (2023). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stad2226

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2226 2023

  7. [7]

    Constraints on mass ejection in black hole formation, derived from black hole X-ray binaries

    G. Nelemans, T.M. Tauris, E.P.J.vanden Heuvel, A&A352, L87 (1999). DOI 10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/9911054

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9911054 1999

  8. [8]

    Blaauw, Bull

    A. Blaauw, Bull. Astron. Inst. Netherlands15, 265 (1961)

    work page 1961

  9. [9]

    A., okas E

    G. Hobbs, D.R. Lorimer, A.G. Lyne, M. Kramer, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.360, 974 (2005). DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09087.x

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09087.x 2005

  10. [10]

    Abbott, R

    P.Disberg,I.Mandel,ApJL989(1),L8(2025). DOI10.3847/2041-8213/ adf286

    work page 2025

  11. [11]

    Janka, MNRAS434(2), 1355 (2013)

    H.T. Janka, MNRAS434(2), 1355 (2013). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stt1106

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1106 2013

  12. [12]

    Popov, B

    S. Popov, B. Müller, I. Mandel, New Astron. Rev.101, 101734 (2025). DOI 10.1016/j.newar.2025.101734

    work page doi:10.1016/j.newar.2025.101734 2025

  13. [13]

    Bray, J.J

    J.C. Bray, J.J. Eldridge, MNRAS480(4), 5657 (2018). DOI 10.1093/ mnras/sty2230

    work page 2018

  14. [14]

    Tauris, E.P.J

    T.M. Tauris, E.P.J. van den Heuvel,Physics of Binary Star Evolution. From Stars to X-ray Binaries and Gravitational Wave Sources(Prince- ton University Press, 2023). DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2305.09388

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2305.09388 2023

  15. [15]

    Shenar, H

    T. Shenar, H. Sana, L. Mahy, et al., Nature Astronomy6, 1085 (2022). DOI 10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y 14 P. Gandhi

    work page doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y 2022

  16. [16]

    Burdge, K

    K.B. Burdge, K. El-Badry, E. Kara, C. Canizares, D. Chakrabarty, A. Frebel, S.C. Millholland, S. Rappaport, R. Simcoe, A. Vanderburg, Nature635(8038), 316 (2024). DOI 10.1038/s41586-024-08120-6

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08120-6 2024

  17. [17]

    Mirabel, V

    I.F. Mirabel, V. Dhawan, R.P. Mignani, I. Rodrigues, F. Guglielmetti, Nature413(6852), 139 (2001). DOI 10.1038/35093060

    work page doi:10.1038/35093060 2001

  18. [18]

    and Shibahashi , H

    S. Repetto, M.B. Davies, S. Sigurdsson, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.425, 2799 (2012). DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21497.x

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21497.x 2012

  19. [19]

    Gandhi, A

    P. Gandhi, A. Rao, P.A. Charles, K. Belczynski, T.J. Maccarone, K. Arur, J.M. Corral-Santana, MNRAS496(1), L22 (2020). DOI 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa081

    work page doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa081 2020

  20. [20]

    Summary of the content and survey properties

    Gaia Collaboration, A. Vallenari, A.G.A. Brown, T. Prusti, J.H.J. de Bruijne, F. Arenou, C. Babusiaux, M. Biermann, O.L. Creevey, C.Ducourant,D.W.Evans,L.Eyer,R.Guerra,A.Hutton,C.Jordi,S.A. Klioner, U.L. Lammers, L. Lindegren, X. Luri, F. Mignard, C. Panem, D. Pourbaix, S. Randich, P. Sartoretti, C. Soubiran, P. Tanga, N.A. Wal- ton, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones, ...

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 2023

  21. [21]

    Gandhi, A

    P. Gandhi, A. Rao, M.A.C. Johnson, J.A. Paice, T.J. Maccarone, MN- RAS485(2), 2642 (2019). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stz438

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz438 2019

  22. [22]

    Atri, J.C.A

    P. Atri, J.C.A. Miller-Jones, A. Bahramian, R.M. Plotkin, P.G. Jonker, G. Nelemans, T.J. Maccarone, G.R. Sivakoff, A.T. Deller, S. Chaty, M.A.P. Torres, S. Horiuchi, J. McCallum, T. Natusch, C.J. Phillips, J. Stevens, S. Weston, MNRAS489(3), 3116 (2019). DOI 10.1093/ mnras/stz2335. URLhttps://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2335

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2335 2019

  23. [23]

    Arnason, H

    R.M. Arnason, H. Papei, P. Barmby, A. Bahramian, M.D. Gorski, MN- RAS502(4), 5455 (2021). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stab345. URLhttp: //arxiv.org/abs/2102.02615. ArXiv: 2102.02615

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab345 2021

  24. [24]

    Nuchvanichakul, P

    P. Nuchvanichakul, P. Gandhi, C. Knigge, Y. Zhao, P. Irawati, S. Wan- nawichian, C.D. Brown, MNRAS543(2), 1705 (2025). DOI 10.1093/ mnras/staf1506

    work page 2025

  25. [25]

    Dashwood Brown, P

    C. Dashwood Brown, P. Gandhi, Y. Zhao, MNRAS527(1), L82 (2024). DOI 10.1093/mnrasl/slad151

    work page doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad151 2024

  26. [26]

    El-Badry, H.W

    K. El-Badry, H.W. Rix, E. Quataert, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 518, 1057 (2023). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stac3193

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3193 2023

  27. [27]

    Chakrabarti, J.D

    S. Chakrabarti, J.D. Simon, P.A. Craig, H. Reggiani, T.D. Brandt, P. Guhathakurta, P.A. Dalba, E.N. Kirby, P. Chang, D.R. Hey, A. Savino, M. Geha, I.B. Thompson, AJ166(1), 6 (2023). DOI 10.3847/1538-3881/accf21

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/accf21 2023

  28. [28]

    Chawla, S

    C. Chawla, S. Chatterjee, K. Breivik, C.K. Moorthy, J.J. Andrews, R.E. Sanderson, ApJ931(2), 107 (2022). DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ac60a5

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac60a5 2022

  29. [29]

    Gandhi, D.A.H

    P. Gandhi, D.A.H. Buckley, P.A. Charles, S. Hodgkin, S. Scaringi, C. Knigge, A. Rao, J.A. Paice, Y. Zhao, MNRAS510(3), 3885 (2022). DOI 10.1093/mnras/stab3771

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3771 2022

  30. [30]

    Nagarajan, K

    P. Nagarajan, K. El-Badry, H. Reggiani, C.Y. Lam, J.D. Simon, J. Müller-Horn, R. Seeburger, H.W. Rix, H. Isaacson, J.R. Lu, V. Chan- dra, R. Andrae, PASP137(9), 094202 (2025). DOI 10.1088/1538-3873/ adffb7

    work page doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ 2025

  31. [31]

    O., Zlochower, Y., & Merritt, D

    M. Campanelli, C.O. Lousto, Y. Zlochower, D. Merritt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 231102 (2007). DOI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.231102

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.231102 2007

  32. [32]

    Paczynski, ApJ304, 1 (1986)

    B. Paczynski, ApJ304, 1 (1986). DOI 10.1086/164140

    work page doi:10.1086/164140 1986

  33. [33]

    Bondi, Mon

    H. Bondi, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.112, 195 (1952). DOI 10.1093/ mnras/112.2.195

    work page 1952

  34. [34]

    A., Hekker, S., Stello, D., Guti ´errez-Soto, J., Handberg, R., Huber, D., et al

    D. Merritt, T. Storchi-Bergmann, A. Robinson, D. Batcheldor, D. Axon, R. Cid Fernandes, MNRAS367(4), 1746 (2006). DOI 10.1111/j. 1365-2966.2006.10093.x

    work page doi:10.1111/j 2006

  35. [35]

    Komossa, H

    S. Komossa, H. Zhou, H. Lu, Astrophys. J. Lett.678, L81 (2008). DOI 10.1086/588656 16 P. Gandhi

    work page doi:10.1086/588656 2008

  36. [36]

    Chiaberge, J.C

    M. Chiaberge, J.C. Ely, E.T. Meyer, et al., Astron. Astrophys.600, A57 (2017). DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201629478

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629478 2017

  37. [37]

    van Dokkum, C

    P. van Dokkum, C. Jennings, I. Pasha, C. Conroy, I. Kaul, R. Abraham, S. Danieli, A.J. Romanowsky, G. Tremblay, ApJL998(1), L27 (2026). DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ae3d0e

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae3d0e 2026

  38. [38]

    Sánchez Almeida, I

    J. Sánchez Almeida, I. Trujillo, S.F. Sánchez, M. Montes, Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society10(2), 35 (2026). DOI 10.3847/ 2515-5172/ae468e

    work page 2026

  39. [39]

    Kovalev, D.I

    Y.Y. Kovalev, D.I. Zobnina, A.V. Plavin, D. Blinov, MNRAS493(1), L54 (2020). DOI 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa008

    work page doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa008 2020

  40. [40]

    Janes, K.A

    A.F. Janes, K.A. Pounds, M.J. Ricketts, A.P. Willmore, L.V. Morrison, Nature235(5334), 152 (1972). DOI 10.1038/235152a0

    work page doi:10.1038/235152a0 1972

  41. [41]

    Gandhi, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A382, 20230080 (2024)

    P. Gandhi, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A382, 20230080 (2024). DOI 10.1098/rsta.2023.0080

    work page doi:10.1098/rsta.2023.0080 2024

  42. [42]

    Gandhi, C

    P. Gandhi, C. Dashwood Brown, Y. Zhao, K. El-Badry, T.J. Maccarone, C. Knigge, J. Anderson, M. Middleton, J.C.A. Miller-Jones, arXiv e- prints arXiv:2306.16479 (2023). DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2306.16479

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2306.16479 2023

  43. [43]

    A., Hasselquist, S., Shetrone, M., Cunha, K., Allende Prieto, C., Anguiano, B., et al

    S. Sajadian, K.C. Sahu, AJ165(3), 96 (2023). DOI 10.3847/1538-3881/ acb20f

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ 2023

  44. [44]

    Anderson, Alberto Cellino, Claus Fabricius, Michael Davidson, and Lennart Lindegren

    D. Hobbs, E. Høg, A. Mora, C. Crowley, P. McMillan, P. Ranalli, U. Heiter, C. Jordi, N. Hambly, R. Church, B. Anthony, P. Tanga, L. Chemin, J. Portell, F. Jiménez-Esteban, S. Klioner, F. Mignard, J. Fynbo, Ł. Wyrzykowski, K. Rybicki, R.I. Anderson, A. Cellino, C. Fabricius, M. Davidson, L. Lindegren, arXiv e-prints arXiv:1609.07325 (2016). DOI 10.48550/ar...

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.07325 2016

  45. [45]

    Malbet, L

    F. Malbet, L. Labadie, A. Sozzetti, G.A. Mamon, M. Shao, R. Goullioud, A. Léger, M. Gai, A. Riva, D. Busonero, T. Lépine, M. Lizzana, A. Bran- deker, E. Villaver, inSpace Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Op- tical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave,Society of Photo-Optical Instru- mentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 12180, ed. by L.E. Coyle...

    work page doi:10.1117/12.2629927 2022

  46. [46]

    Kawata, H

    D. Kawata, H. Kawahara, N. Gouda, N.J. Secrest, R. Kano, H. Kataza, N. Isobe, R. Ohsawa, F. Usui, Y. Yamada, A.W. Graham, A.R. Pet- titt, H. Asada, J. Baba, K. Bekki, B.N. Dorland, M. Fujii, A. Fukui, K. Hattori, T. Hirano, T. Kamizuka, S. Kashima, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawashima, S.A. Klioner, T. Kodama, N. Koshimoto, T. Kotani, M. Kuzuhara, S.E. Levine, S.R. ...

    work page doi:10.1093/pasj/psae020 2024

  47. [47]

    Collaboration, R

    G. Collaboration, R. Abuter, A. Amorim, et al., Astron. Astrophys.618, L10 (2018). DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201834294

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834294 2018

  48. [48]

    Science with an ngVLA: The ngVLA Science Case and Associated Science Requirements

    E.J. Murphy, A. Bolatto, S. Chatterjee, C.M. Casey, L. Chomiuk, D. Dale, I. de Pater, M. Dickinson, J.D. Francesco, G. Hallinan, A. Isella, K.Kohno,S.R.Kulkarni,C.Lang,T.J.W.Lazio,A.K.Leroy,L.Loinard, T.J. Maccarone, B.C. Matthews, R.A. Osten, M.J. Reid, D. Riechers, N. Sakai, F. Walter, D. Wilner, inScience with a Next Generation Very Large Array,Astrono...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.07524 2018

  49. [49]

    Uttley, R.d

    P. Uttley, R.d. Hartog, C. Bambi, D. Barret, S. Bianchi, M. Bursa, M. Cappi, P. Casella, W. Cash, E. Costantini, T. Dauser, M.D. Trigo, K. Gendreau, V. Grinberg, J.W.d. Herder, A. Ingram, E. Kara, S. Markoff, B. Mingo, F. Panessa, K. Poppenhäger, A. RóŻańska, J. Svo- boda, R. Wijers, R. Willingale, J. Wilms, M. Wise, Experimental As- tronomy51(3), 1081 (2...

    work page doi:10.1007/s10686-021-09724-w 2021

  50. [50]

    Braun, T

    R. Braun, T. Bourke, J.A. Green, E. Keane, J. Wagg, inAdvancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (AASKA14)(2015), p

    work page 2015

  51. [51]

    DOI 10.22323/1.215.0174

    work page doi:10.22323/1.215.0174

  52. [52]

    Paragi, L

    Z. Paragi, L. Godfrey, C. Reynolds, M.J. Rioja, A. Deller, B. Zhang, L. Gurvits, M. Bietenholz, A. Szomoru, H.E. Bignall, P. Boven, P. Char- lot, R. Dodson, S. Frey, M.A. Garrett, H. Imai, A. Lobanov, M.J. Reid, E. Ros, H.J. van Langevelde, A.J. Zensus, X.W. Zheng, A. Al- berdi, I. Agudo, T. An, M. Argo, R. Beswick, A. Biggs, A. Brunthaler, B. Campbell, G...

    work page doi:10.22323/1.215.0143 2015

  53. [53]

    doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6 , keywords =

    G. Agazie, A. Anumarlapudi, A.M. Archibald, Z. Arzoumanian, P.T. Baker, B. Bécsy, L. Blecha, A. Brazier, P.R. Brook, S. Burke-Spolaor, R. Burnette, R. Case, M. Charisi, S. Chatterjee, K. Chatziioannou, B.D. Cheeseboro, S. Chen, T. Cohen, J.M. Cordes, N.J. Cornish, 18 P. Gandhi F. Crawford, H.T. Cromartie, K. Crowter, C.J. Cutler, M.E. Decesar, D. Degan, P...

    work page doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acdac6 2023

  54. [54]

    Chen, H.C

    Y.C. Chen, H.C. Hwang, Y. Shen, X. Liu, N.L. Zakamska, Q. Yang, J.I. Li, ApJ925(2), 162 (2022). DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ac401b

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac401b 2022