Error correction and fast detectors implemented by ultra-fast neuronal plasticity

We experimentally show that the neuron functions as a precise time-integrator, where the accumulated changes in neuronal response latencies, under complex and random stimulation patterns, are solely a function of a global quantity, the average time-lag between stimulations. In contrast, momentary leaps in the neuronal response latency follow trends of consecutive stimulations, indicating ultra-fast neuronal plasticity. On a circuit level, this ultra-fast neuronal plasticity phenomenon implements error-correction mechanisms and fast detectors for misplaced stimulations. Additionally, at moderate/high stimulation rates this phenomenon destabilizes/stabilizes a periodic neuronal activity disrupted by misplaced stimulations.