Application of the reciprocity theorem to EEG inversion and optimization of EEG-driven transcranial current stimulation (tCS, including tDCS, tACS, tRNS)

Multichannel transcranial current stimulation (tCS) systems offer the possibility of EEG-guided optimized, non-invasive brain stimulation. In this brief technical note I explain how it is possible to use tCS electric field realistic brain model to create a forward "lead-field" matrix and, from that, an EEG inverter for cortical mapping. Starting from EEG I show how to generate 2D cortical surface dipole fields that could produce the observed EEG electrode voltages. The main tool is the reciprocity theorem derived by Helmholtz. The application of reciprocity for the generation of a forward mapping matrix (lead field matrix as is sometimes known) is well known [Rush and Driscoll, 1969], but here we will use it in combination with the realistic head models of [Miranda et al 2013] to provide cortical mapping solutions compatible with realistic head model tCS optimization. I also provide a generalization of the reciprocity theorem [Helmholtz 1853] to the case of multiple electrode contact points and dipole sources, and discuss its uses in non-invasive brain stimulation based on EEG. This, as far as I know, is a novel result. Applications are discussed.