Open Source at a Crossroads: The Future of Licensing Driven by Monetization

The widespread adoption of open source libraries and frameworks can be attributed to their licensing. Open Source Software Licenses (OSS licenses) ensure that software can be sold or distributed as part of aggregate programs from various sources without requiring a royalty or fee. The quality of such code rivals that of commercial software, with open source libraries forming large parts of the supply chain for critical commercial systems in industry. Despite this, most open source projects rely on volunteer contributions, and unpaid library maintainers face significant pressure to sustain their projects. One potential solution for these projects is to change their licensing to ensure that maintainers are compensated accordingly for their work. In this paper, we explore the potential of licensing to help alleviate funding issues, with a review of three different cases where OSS licenses were modified to allow for monetization. In addition, we explore licensing concerns related to the emergence of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in software development. We argue that open source is at a crossroads, with a growing need to redefine its licensing models and support communities and critical software. We identify specific research opportunities and conclude with a research agenda comprising a series of research questions to guide future studies in this area.