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Scalar-tensor theories of gravity, neutrino physics, and the $H_0$ tension
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abstract
We use $Planck$ 2018 data to constrain the simplest models of scalar-tensor theories characterized by a coupling to the Ricci scalar of the type $F(\sigma) R$ with $F(\sigma) = N_{pl}^2 + \xi \sigma^2$. We update our results with previous $Planck$ and BAO data releases obtaining the tightest constraints to date on the coupling parameters, that is $\xi < 5.5 \times 10^{-4}$ for $N_{pl}=0$ (induced gravity or equivalently extended Jordan-Brans-Dicke) and $(N_{pl} \sqrt{8 \pi G})-1 < 1.8 \times 10^{-5}$ for $\xi = -1/6$ (conformal coupling), both at 95% CL. Because of a modified expansion history after radiation-matter equality compared to the $\Lambda$CDM model, all these dynamical models accommodate a higher value for $H_0$ and therefore alleviate the tension between $Planck$/BAO and distance-ladder measurement from SNe Ia data from $4.4\sigma$ at best to $2.3\sigma$. We show that all these results are robust to changes in the neutrino physics. In comparison to the $\Lambda$CDM model, partial degeneracies between neutrino physics and the coupling to the Ricci scalar allow for smaller values $N_{\rm eff} \sim 2.8$, $1\sigma$ lower compared to the standard $N_{\rm eff} = 3.046$, and relax the upper limit on the neutrino mass up to 40%.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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Early- and late-time constraints on Wald-Gauss-Bonnet topological dark energy and implications for the $H_0$ and $S_8$ tensions
A joint CMB, BAO, and supernova fit mildly prefers a non-zero Wald-Gauss-Bonnet dark-energy term (~3σ with SH0ES included), raising H0 from 68.5 to 69.8 km/s/Mpc and easing the Hubble tension by ~0.9σ at the cost of a...
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Hubble tension: the shape wall
Late-time modifications to the expansion history can raise H0 by at most about 2% (conservative) to 3.7% (permissive) if the CMB acoustic scale is fixed.
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The $H_0$ world cup. II. A comprehensive competition between proposed Hubble tension solutions
Against a common 2025-26 dataset (Planck PR4, ACT DR6, SPT-3G, DESI DR2, Pantheon+), early dark energy and early modified gravity models win the H0 competition (~3σ residual tension), while radiation and late-time sol...
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Neutrino Constraints on Scalar-Tensor Gravity
Spatially varying scalar fields rescale neutrino masses and arrival times, and neutrino data bound these rescaling parameters for Symmetron and Chameleon models.
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BAO miscalibration cannot rescue late-time solutions to the Hubble tension
Even after rescaling BAO data to prefer H0≈73 km/s/Mpc, none of six tested late-time dark-energy models can resolve the Hubble tension once unanchored SNeIa and CMB geometry are included.
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Scalar-Tensor Gravity and DESI 2024 BAO data
With Planck and DESI BAO data, the Brans-Dicke Galileon model prefers a nonzero Galileon term and yields H0 = 71.0 +1.5 -1.3 km/s/Mpc, consistent with SH0ES at 1.2 sigma.
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Imprint of swampland-inspired coupled early dark energy
A swampland-inspired DM-EDE coupling is tested against DESI DR2 BAO data, showing the EDE potential construction affects late-time dark energy constraints.
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