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Gravitational Instabilities in Gaseous Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Giant Planet Formation

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arxiv astro-ph/0603179 v1 pith:LBAZU26T submitted 2006-03-08 astro-ph

classification astro-ph
keywords diskgravitationalaccretionarmsclumpscoolingcoredisks
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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Protoplanetary gas disks are likely to experience gravitational instabilites (GI's) during some phase of their evolution. Density perturbations in an unstable disk grow on a dynamic time scale into spiral arms that produce efficient outward transfer of angular momentum and inward transfer of mass through gravitational torques. In a cool disk with rapid enough cooling, the spiral arms in an unstable disk form self-gravitating clumps. Whether gas giant protoplanets can form by such a disk instability process is the primary question addressed by this review. We discuss the wide range of calculations undertaken by ourselves and others using various numerical techniques, and we report preliminary results from a large multi-code collaboration. Additional topics include -- triggering mechanisms for GI's, disk heating and cooling, orbital survival of dense clumps, interactions of solids with GI-driven waves and shocks, and hybrid scenarios where GI's facilitate core accretion. The review ends with a discussion of how well disk instability and core accretion fare in meeting observational constraints.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 61 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Direct Imaging Discovery of Giant Exoplanet $\beta$ Pictoris d: A Decade-Long Game of Hide-and-Seek

    astro-ph.EP 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 8.0 of 10

    Direct imaging over 11 years confirms β Pictoris d as a ~2.4 MJup, ~600 K bound companion at ~26 au, coplanar with b and c and consistent with sculpting the debris-disk inner edge.

  2. The 35-Myr old infant planet TOI-837 b has a mildly misaligned orbit

    astro-ph.EP 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 8.0 of 10

    TOI-837 b has a true obliquity of 25.9+7.5-6.3 deg, the first planet younger than 100 Myr with accessible ψ incompatible with an aligned orbit, favoring primordial disc torque followed by disc-driven migration.

  3. Ultraviolet Imaging of SR 12 c with HST/WFC3: Accretion and Variability of a Giant Planet at the End Stages of Growth

    astro-ph.EP 2026-06 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    HST/WFC3 UV imaging of SR 12 c measures accretion luminosity of 1.65 ± 0.19 × 10^{-5} L_⊙ and rate of 8 ± 2 × 10^{-12} M_⊙ yr^{-1}, placing it at the end stages of giant planet assembly with a full UV-to-sub-mm SED.

  4. Evolutionary tracks of giant planets formed by disk instability

    astro-ph.EP 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A unified evolutionary model of disk-instability planets, from pre-collapse clump to multi-Gyr cooling, reproduces the dynamical masses of four directly imaged planets and shows metallicity can shift inferred masses b...

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    astro-ph.EP 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    TOI-1533 is confirmed as a rare compact system hosting an inner sub-Neptune and an outer hot super-Neptune-mass giant with nearly equal masses and very different radii.

  6. Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) XXII: Keplerian disk, disk structures and jets/outflows in the Class 0 protostar IRAS 04166+2706

    astro-ph.SR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    High-resolution ALMA observations of the Class 0 protostar IRAS 04166+2706 reveal a ~22 au disk, a stellar mass range of 0.15-0.39 M⊙ from possibly Keplerian gas motions, and jet knots ejected within the last ~25 years.

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    astro-ph.EP 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

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    astro-ph.EP 2025-04 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    In modeled Class 0/I disks with infall and alpha=1e-3 turbulence, the streaming instability cannot form planetesimals because the midplane dust-to-gas ratio stays about an order of magnitude below the required threshold.

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    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    SIMP 0136's rotation-modulated spectrum is captured by two principal components — temperature and cloud vertical structure — so its weather reduces to a three-state mixture.

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