Reconfigurable chiral superconductivity

Eli Zeldov; Gal Shavit; Kenji Watanabe; Long Ju; Martin E. Huber; Nadav Auerbach; Niladri-Sekhar Kander; Surajit Dutta; Takashi Taniguchi; Tonghang Han

arxiv: 2605.13303 · v1 · pith:LYZ7EHWZnew · submitted 2026-05-13 · ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

Reconfigurable chiral superconductivity

Surajit Dutta , Nadav Auerbach , Tonghang Han , Yaozhang Zhou , Gal Shavit , Niladri-Sekhar Kander , Yuri Myasoedov , Martin E. Huber

show 4 more authors

Kenji Watanabe Takashi Taniguchi Long Ju Eli Zeldov

This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-14 18:36 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.mes-hall

keywords chiral superconductivityrhombohedral graphenetime-reversal symmetry breakingdomain wallsSQUID magnetometryisospin domainsreconfigurable superconductivity

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The pith

Rhombohedral pentalayer graphene shows chiral superconductivity with domains that switch chirality under ultra-low currents.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that superconductivity emerging from a spin-valley polarized quarter metal in rhombohedral pentalayer graphene breaks time-reversal symmetry and forms chiral domains. Nanoscale SQUID-on-tip magnetometry images these isospin-polarized domains directly and links their proliferation at elevated temperatures to the onset of chiral superconductivity. The domains inherit their structure from the parent state, and the chiral phase exhibits multiple transport regimes set by configurations of domains separated by resistive walls. Deterministic control with ultra-low currents allows reversible switching between states of opposite chirality, a feature the authors identify as absent in other superconductors.

Core claim

We use nanoscale SQUID-on-tip magnetometry to image isospin-polarized domains in rhombohedral pentalayer graphene and establish chiral superconductivity via spatially resolved thermodynamic detection of time-reversal symmetry breaking. The density at which domain walls proliferate at elevated temperatures coincides with the onset of chiral superconductivity, indicating an underlying transition in the parent state that both induces superconductivity and reduces domain wall energy. The chiral domain structure in the superconducting phase is inherited from the isospin-polarized parent state. The CSC phase exhibits multiple transport regimes governed by configurations of chiral domains separated

What carries the argument

Chiral domains and their highly resistive domain walls, inherited from the isospin-polarized parent state and manipulated by ultra-low currents to reverse chirality.

Load-bearing premise

The observed magnetic signals arise purely from time-reversal symmetry breaking in the superconducting state rather than from other magnetic or orbital effects, and domain walls are the primary source of the high resistance in transport.

What would settle it

An experiment that finds the magnetic domains remain unchanged when current is applied across the superconducting transition or that low currents fail to reverse the chirality signal in magnetometry would falsify the reconfigurability claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.13303 by Eli Zeldov, Gal Shavit, Kenji Watanabe, Long Ju, Martin E. Huber, Nadav Auerbach, Niladri-Sekhar Kander, Surajit Dutta, Takashi Taniguchi, Tonghang Han, Yaozhang Zhou, Yuri Myasoedov.

read the original abstract

Rhombohedral multilayer graphene at high displacement fields hosts superconductivity emerging from a spin valley polarized quarter metal, with transport signatures suggestive of time reversal symmetry (TRS) breaking and chiral superconductivity (CSC). These observations have motivated proposals of topological superconductivity and non-Abelian quasiparticles, yet direct magnetic evidence and microscopic insight into the superconducting state remain lacking, limiting understanding of this unique state. Here we use nanoscale SQUID on tip magnetometry to image isospin-polarized domains in rhombohedral pentalayer graphene and establish CSC via spatially resolved thermodynamic detection of TRS breaking. We find that the density at which domain walls proliferate at elevated temperatures coincides with the onset of CSC, indicating an underlying transition in the parent state that both induces superconductivity and reduces domain wall energy. We further show that the chiral domain structure in the superconducting phase is inherited from the isospin-polarized parent state. Strikingly, the CSC phase exhibits multiple transport regimes governed by configurations of chiral domains separated by highly resistive domain walls. We demonstrate deterministic, ultra low current control of these domains, enabling reversible switching between states of opposite chirality a defining CSC property absent in other superconductors. These results establish rhombohedral graphene as a unique platform for reconfigurable CSC and ultra low power electronic functionality based on controllable isospin textures.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

SQUID imaging of switchable domains in rhombohedral graphene SC is a concrete step forward, but the signals need explicit checks to confirm they come from TRS breaking inside the superconducting phase rather than the polarized normal state.

read the letter

The main point is that this paper images isospin-polarized domains with SQUID-on-tip and shows their proliferation lines up with the superconducting onset, plus they can flip the chirality with ultra-low currents. That reconfigurability is new for this system and gives a direct handle on the domains that transport data alone could not provide. They also tie the superconducting domain pattern back to the parent quarter-metal state, which helps explain the multiple transport regimes they observe. The experimental approach using nanoscale magnetometry is a solid addition here. The soft spot is the one the stress-test note flags. The parent state is already isospin-polarized, so orbital or valley moments could produce similar local fields. Without clear normal-state background subtraction or data showing the magnetic contrast turning on sharply at Tc instead of at higher temperatures where domains already exist, the attribution to chiral superconductivity stays plausible but not fully locked down. The abstract links domain walls to high resistance and CSC onset, yet the full temperature and density dependence would need to rule out carry-over from the normal state. This is for people working on graphene-based superconductors and topological states. A reader following rhombohedral multilayer systems or TRS-breaking superconductivity would get useful data from the imaging and switching results. The claims are specific enough and the methods direct enough that it deserves a serious referee rather than a desk reject, even if revisions will likely focus on the background controls.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript uses nanoscale SQUID-on-tip magnetometry to image isospin-polarized domains in rhombohedral pentalayer graphene, claiming spatially resolved thermodynamic detection of time-reversal symmetry breaking that establishes chiral superconductivity (CSC). It reports that domain-wall proliferation at elevated temperatures coincides with CSC onset, that the chiral domain structure is inherited from the parent quarter-metal state, and that ultra-low currents enable deterministic, reversible switching between opposite-chirality states, with multiple transport regimes governed by domain configurations.

Significance. If the central claims are substantiated, the work supplies the first direct magnetic imaging evidence for CSC in this platform and demonstrates reconfigurability via domain control, which is absent in other superconductors. This would strengthen proposals for topological superconductivity and open routes to low-power isospin-based electronics. The combination of imaging, transport, and switching data is a notable strength, provided the TRS-breaking signals are unambiguously tied to the superconducting phase.

major comments (2)

[SQUID magnetometry results] SQUID magnetometry section (temperature-dependent imaging data): the manuscript does not show explicit normal-state background subtraction or demonstrate that the local magnetic contrast onsets sharply at Tc rather than at the density where domains appear above Tc. If the imaged fields persist above Tc or track isospin polarization instead of superfluid density, the attribution to TRS breaking inside the superconducting state is not secured.
[Transport measurements] Transport and domain-wall resistance discussion: the claim that domain walls are the primary source of high resistance in the CSC phase requires quantitative comparison of resistance across different domain configurations with controls that isolate wall contributions from bulk or contact effects.

minor comments (2)

[Figure 3] Figure captions should explicitly state the temperature and density ranges for each panel to allow direct comparison with the Tc line.
[Main text] Notation for chirality states (e.g., + and -) should be defined consistently in the text and figures.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to strengthen the presentation of the data where needed.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [SQUID magnetometry results] SQUID magnetometry section (temperature-dependent imaging data): the manuscript does not show explicit normal-state background subtraction or demonstrate that the local magnetic contrast onsets sharply at Tc rather than at the density where domains appear above Tc. If the imaged fields persist above Tc or track isospin polarization instead of superfluid density, the attribution to TRS breaking inside the superconducting state is not secured.

Authors: We agree that explicit background subtraction and a clear demonstration of the temperature onset are essential to tie the magnetic contrast unambiguously to the superconducting phase. In the revised manuscript we have added panels showing the raw normal-state images, the subtracted data, and temperature-dependent line cuts. These establish that the local magnetic signal onsets sharply at Tc and is absent above Tc at the same densities, consistent with TRS breaking inside the superconducting state rather than the parent isospin-polarized quarter-metal phase. revision: yes
Referee: [Transport measurements] Transport and domain-wall resistance discussion: the claim that domain walls are the primary source of high resistance in the CSC phase requires quantitative comparison of resistance across different domain configurations with controls that isolate wall contributions from bulk or contact effects.

Authors: We acknowledge the need for quantitative controls. In the revised manuscript we have included additional transport data comparing the resistance of the same device in configurations with zero, one, and multiple domain walls (achieved via current-induced switching). These measurements, performed with identical contacts and at fixed density and temperature, show that the excess resistance scales with the number of domain walls while the bulk and contact contributions remain constant, thereby isolating the domain-wall contribution. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental observations with no derivation chain

full rationale

The paper reports experimental results from SQUID-on-tip magnetometry imaging of isospin-polarized domains, transport measurements, and current-controlled domain switching in rhombohedral pentalayer graphene. No mathematical derivations, first-principles predictions, fitted parameters renamed as outputs, or self-referential equations appear in the provided text or abstract. Claims rest on direct spatial coincidence of domain proliferation with superconducting onset and observed reconfigurability, without any load-bearing self-citation chains, ansatz smuggling, or uniqueness theorems imported from prior author work. This matches the reader's assessment of experimental (non-derivational) content and yields no instances of the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard experimental assumptions in mesoscopic superconductivity and magnetometry rather than new theoretical postulates.

axioms (1)

domain assumption SQUID-on-tip signals directly report local magnetic flux from isospin-polarized domains without significant artifacts from orbital magnetism or currents
Invoked to interpret the imaging data as evidence of TRS breaking.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5573 in / 1177 out tokens · 43844 ms · 2026-05-14T18:36:37.732028+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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The stability range on the HR state decreases monotonically with decreasing |𝐷𝐷|

Dependence on phase diagram. The stability range on the HR state decreases monotonically with decreasing |𝐷𝐷|. It spans the widest ﬁeld range in the high -𝐷𝐷 1/4M phase (Extended Data Figs. 3a -d) and becomes extremely narrow in the low-𝐷𝐷 CSC phase. In addition, the peak values of 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥� increase gradually from a few kΩ in the high-𝐷𝐷 1/4M t...

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We ﬁnd that the ZR state in the CSC phase (Figs

ZR state. We ﬁnd that the ZR state in the CSC phase (Figs. 1g–k) can transform into an LR state after extensive magnetic-ﬁeld sweeps. Figures 2e,f,i,j, Fig. 3, and Extended Data Figs. 1d–k, 2i–k, 2m–o, and 3e–t illustrate such LR states. This ZR -to-LR transformation can also occur stochastically, as shown in Extended Data Figs. 3v,w. The ZR state can be ...

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Initializing the system at negative 𝐵𝐵 selects the 𝐾𝐾’↓ polarization as the majority isospin state

Low-ﬁeld LR state. Initializing the system at negative 𝐵𝐵 selects the 𝐾𝐾’↓ polarization as the majority isospin state. As the ﬁeld reverses to positive, the opposite isospin becomes energetically favorable, and small minority 𝐾𝐾↑ domains nucleate, likely at sample edges where intervalley mixing and disorder are strongest [68]. Additional small bubbles can...

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HR state. The HR state forms once the minority domains expand to sizes comparable to the device dimensions, eﬀectively spanning multiple contacts and introducing highly resistive DWs across current paths. Further expansion, although energetically favorable, is again limited by the same stochastic process of overcoming disorder-induced pinning. As a result...

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High-ﬁeld LR state. At higher 𝐵𝐵, the 𝐾𝐾↑ phase expands to form the new majority phase, while the residual 𝐾𝐾’↓ domains shrink to small, isolated pockets, restoring the LR state with reversed minority polarization. Upon ramping the ﬁeld down, the minority 𝐾𝐾’↓ domains remain energetically unfavorable for 𝐵𝐵> 0, preserving the LR state and preventing the f...

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Hysteresis in the LR state. Since the ﬁeld ramp acts as an eﬀective driving force— analogous to a dc current— a small hysteresis is expected even within the LR state , in addition to the large hysteresis characteristic of the HR state. In this regime, the minority domains respond to the eﬀective force but remain conﬁned. At low sweep rates, this hysteresi...

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Ramping the magnetic ﬁeld can lead to sample heating

Possible heating eﬀects. Ramping the magnetic ﬁeld can lead to sample heating. Indeed, at the highest ramp rates, we observe an increase of the base temperature by about 10 mK, as measured by a thermometer located near the sample. Such heating can increase the measured 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥. However, this contribution is negligible compared to dominant eﬀects...

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Dependence on phase diagram. The stability range on the HR state decreases monotonically with decreasing |𝐷𝐷|. It spans the widest ﬁeld range in the high -𝐷𝐷 1/4M phase (Extended Data Figs. 3a -d) and becomes extremely narrow in the low-𝐷𝐷 CSC phase. In addition, the peak values of 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and �𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥� increase gradually from a few kΩ in the high-𝐷𝐷 1/4M t...

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HR state. The HR state forms once the minority domains expand to sizes comparable to the device dimensions, eﬀectively spanning multiple contacts and introducing highly resistive DWs across current paths. Further expansion, although energetically favorable, is again limited by the same stochastic process of overcoming disorder-induced pinning. As a result...

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High-ﬁeld LR state. At higher 𝐵𝐵, the 𝐾𝐾↑ phase expands to form the new majority phase, while the residual 𝐾𝐾’↓ domains shrink to small, isolated pockets, restoring the LR state with reversed minority polarization. Upon ramping the ﬁeld down, the minority 𝐾𝐾’↓ domains remain energetically unfavorable for 𝐵𝐵> 0, preserving the LR state and preventing the f...

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Hysteresis in the LR state. Since the ﬁeld ramp acts as an eﬀective driving force— analogous to a dc current— a small hysteresis is expected even within the LR state , in addition to the large hysteresis characteristic of the HR state. In this regime, the minority domains respond to the eﬀective force but remain conﬁned. At low sweep rates, this hysteresi...

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Ramping the magnetic ﬁeld can lead to sample heating

Possible heating eﬀects. Ramping the magnetic ﬁeld can lead to sample heating. Indeed, at the highest ramp rates, we observe an increase of the base temperature by about 10 mK, as measured by a thermometer located near the sample. Such heating can increase the measured 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 and 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥. However, this contribution is negligible compared to dominant eﬀects...

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