Unconventional Multiferroicity in Cupric Oxide

The magnetic phase transitions reported below 230 K in cupric oxide are analyzed theoretically at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The incommensurate multiferroic and lock-in commensurate phases are shown to realize an inverted sequence of symmetry-breaking mechanisms with respect to the usual sequence occurring in low temperature multiferroic compounds. The higher temperature spin-spiral phase results from coupled order-parameters which decouple at the lock-in transition to the commensurate ground state phase. Expressing the order-parameters in function of the magnetic spins allows determining the symmetries and magnetic structures of the equilibrium phases and the microscopic interactions which give rise to the polarization.