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Extracting Wilson loop operators and fractional statistics from a single bulk ground state
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An essential aspect of topological phases of matter is the existence of Wilson loop operators that keep the ground state subspace invariant. Here we present and implement an \it unbiased \rm numerical optimization scheme to systematically find the Wilson loop operators given a single ground state wave function of a gapped Hamiltonian on a disk. We then show how these Wilson loop operators can be cut and glued through further optimization to give operators that can create, move, and annihilate anyon excitations. We subsequently use these operators to determine the braiding statistics and topological twists of the anyons, yielding a way to fully extract topological order from a single wave function. We apply our method to the ground state of the perturbed toric code and doubled semion models with a magnetic field that is up to a half of the critical value. From a contemporary perspective, this can be thought of as a machine learning approach to discover emergent 1-form symmetries of a ground state wave function. From an application perspective, our approach can be relevant to find Wilson loop operators in current quantum simulators.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Genuine multipartite entanglement of a gapped ground state is conjectured and, for Levin-Wen models, shown to reproduce the TQFT partition function on any 3-manifold.
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Long-range nonstabilizerness of topologically encoded states from mutual information
Mutual information between non-contractible regions on the torus fully classifies long-range nonstabilizerness for toric-code states but leaves a finite subset undetected in the doubled-Fibonacci string-net model.
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Crystalline topological invariants in quantum many-body systems
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