Breakdown of Raman Selection Rules By Fr\"{o}hlich Interaction in Few-Layer WS$_2$

Jun Zhang; Kai-Xuan Xu; Ping-Heng Tan; Qing-Hai Tan; Shu-Liang Ren; Xue-Lu Liu; Yuan-Fei Gao; Yu-Jia Sun

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 34 references

Breakdown of Raman Selection Rules By Fr\"{o}hlich Interaction in Few-Layer WS$_2$

T0 review · 3 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-14 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read When excitation falls near the dark A exciton, the Raman intensities of all phonon modes in few-layer WS$_2$ switch to a single $\cos^2\beta$ law, because the intraband Fröhlich interaction turns the Raman tensor into a scalar.

desk verdict Nice observation, but the Fröhlich explanation doesn't cover the non-polar modes that make it universal. read the letter →

arxiv 1908.06613 v2 pith:NFL2MMMO submitted 2019-08-19 cond-mat.mtrl-sci cond-mat.str-elphysics.optics

Qing-Hai Tan , Kai-Xuan Xu , Yu-Jia Sun , Xue-Lu Liu , Yuan-Fei Gao , Shu-Liang Ren , Ping-Heng Tan , Jun Zhang This is my paper · ORCID

classification cond-mat.mtrl-scicond-mat.str-elphysics.optics

keywords RamanselectionrulesresonantscatteringdarkAexcitonintrabandFröhlichinteractionfew-layerWS2polarization-resolvedtensorinfrared-activephonons

verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

The paper reports that resonant Raman scattering in few-layer WS$_2$ stops following the usual symmetry-based selection rules when the laser is tuned slightly below the bright A exciton, at 633 nm or 647 nm. Under those conditions every observed phonon mode — infrared-active, backscattering-forbidden, in-plane and out-of-plane alike — shows the same polarization dependence, $I \propto \cos^2\beta$, with maximum intensity when the incident and scattered polarizations are parallel. The authors attribute this collapse to the intraband Fröhlich interaction of phonons with the dark A exciton, an optically silent bound electron-hole state lying just below the bright A exciton; the interaction makes the effective Raman tensor a scalar proportional to the phonon wave vector times the exciton size, independent of the phonon's symmetry. The significance is that one optical resonance can make phonon identity irrelevant to Raman selection, exposing normally dark excitonic and phononic states and offering a way to control optical transitions in layered semiconductors.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the intraband Fröhlich interaction, the coupling of a charged carrier to the electric field of a longitudinal optical phonon acting within a single exciton band. Written as $H_{(F,q)} = i C_F/q\,[e^{i p_h \mathbf{q}\cdot\mathbf{r}} - e^{i p_e \mathbf{q}\cdot\mathbf{r}}](a^\dagger_{k+q}a_k)(C^\dagger_{-q}+C_q)$, it is evaluated between the $1s$ states of the dark A exciton; the matrix element is nonzero only when the initial and final exciton states coincide, and its small-$q$ expansion is $M_{ij}\simeq C_F q r (m_e-m_h)/(m_e+m_h)$. This makes the Raman tensor $R\propto q r$, a scalar with no phonon-symmetry content, so the polarization dependence of every mode reduces to $I\propto\cos^2\beta$.

What would settle it

Measure the dark A exciton energy in the very same WS$_2$ flakes used for the Raman experiment, for example by two-photon photoluminescence or magneto-optical spectroscopy; if that energy lies far from the 633 nm and 647 nm laser lines, the purported resonance condition and the scalar-tensor interpretation are not supported.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

On its own terms, the paper establishes that for few-layer WS$_2$, excitation at 633 nm (1.96 eV) and 647 nm (1.92 eV), just below the bright A exciton at about 1.98 eV, drives a regime in which Raman selection rules break down. Phonon modes that are normally invisible in backscattering, including the infrared-active layer-breathing modes and the shear modes, appear strongly, and the intensities of all modes, including LA(M), TA, $E'$ and $A_1'$, obey the same $I \propto \cos^2\beta$ law rather than their individual Raman tensors. The claimed mechanism is the intraband Fröhlich interaction: the dark A exciton has a small but nonzero oscillator strength because it is mixed with the bright A state; the dark state's long radiative lifetime makes it the dominant intermediate state, and its $1s$ state couples to phonons through the Fröhlich Hamiltonian, whose matrix element is diagonal in the exciton states and, at small wave vector, equals $C_F q r (m_e-m_h)/(m_e+m_h)$. This diagonal matrix element reduces the Raman tensor to a scalar $R \propto q r$, so the scattering intensity is determined by the exciton symmetry and the experimental geometry alone.

Load-bearing premise

The explanation rests on the assumption that the 633 nm and 647 nm lasers are actually resonant with the dark A exciton, whose energy and small but nonzero oscillator strength are taken from earlier reports rather than measured in these specific flakes; if the resonance were a different state, the Fröhlich mechanism and the scalar Raman tensor would not apply.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Infrared-active and backscattering-forbidden phonon modes in few-layer WS$_2$ become directly observable under dark-A-exciton resonance, so the same experiment can detect optically forbidden phonon states.
Because the polarization behavior is set by the exciton rather than the phonon, Raman intensity can be turned off at cross polarization for every mode simultaneously.
The mechanism depends on the intermediate exciton and not on crystal symmetry, so the same scalar-tensor breakdown is expected in other two-dimensional semiconductors and van der Waals heterostructures.
The universal $\cos^2\beta$ dependence provides a direct experimental fingerprint for whether a resonance is dominated by intraband Fröhlich interaction.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

A testable extension would be to map the $I\propto\cos^2\beta$ regime across laser wavelengths spanning the dark and bright A exciton; the effect should switch on only within the dark-state resonance linewidth.
If the scalar tensor is correct, the resonant Raman cross section should grow as $(q r)^2$; varying the transferred phonon wave vector through different scattering geometries or twisted-layer moiré periods would provide a quantitative check.
The reliance on the dark A state's mixing with the bright state suggests the effect should be tunable by magnetic field or valley polarization, both of which modify the spin structure and hence the dark-state oscillator strength.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Desk Editor's Note

read the letter

Short version: this is a clean experimental observation, and the proposed explanation is wrong as written for the modes that make the claim universal. That combination makes it a useful peer-review project but not a publishable story yet.

What's new: under 633 nm and 647 nm excitation in few-layer WS2, every Raman mode measured—including IR-active modes and backscattering-forbidden shear modes—shows the same polarization dependence, I ∝ cos²β, with maximum under parallel polarization. At other wavelengths (488, 612, 676 nm) the usual tensorial selection rules hold. The contrast is sharp and the resonant character is clear. Good data, and the cos² behavior is not a fit; it follows from treating the Raman tensor as a scalar, with no adjustable parameters. That part is honest and reproducible.

The soft spot is the mechanism. The paper attributes the scalar Raman tensor to intraband Fröhlich interaction. That works for polar LO phonons, where CF ∝ (ε∞⁻¹ − ε0⁻¹)^(1/2) is non-zero. But the experimental claim of universality includes the shear mode, the layer breathing mode, A1′, and LA(M)—all non-polar. For those, ε∞ = ε0, so CF = 0 and Eq. (2) gives no scattering at all. So the Fröhlich derivation cannot explain the very modes that make the observation interesting. The paper never acknowledges this. It might be fixable—a diagonal deformation-potential matrix element for intraband scattering could also produce a scalar tensor if the exciton intermediate state is isotropic—but that's a different calculation, and the manuscript doesn't do it. There's also a silent isotropy assumption when going from diagonal M_ij to scalar R: the exciton-photon matrix elements P^α P^β are taken to sum isotropically. In a 2D crystal with in-plane/out-of-plane anisotropy, that needs justification, not a silent assumption.

Other issues are secondary: the dark A exciton energy comes from prior literature (their own Ref. 6 among others) rather than a direct measurement in these samples; the 633/647 nm excitation is close to it, but the assignment remains indirect. And the polarization data in Fig. 3 have no error bars, so the quantitative agreement with cos² is hard to assess.

Verdict: for the 2D spectroscopy community, this is a real experimental result that will be discussed. It deserves a serious referee and a major revision, not a desk reject. The referee should push the authors to either produce a mechanism that works for non-polar phonons or narrow the claim to polar modes.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper reports polarization-resolved Raman measurements on few-layer WS2 under several excitation wavelengths. At 488 nm (and at resonances with B and C excitons), the measured polarization dependences of the Raman modes follow the conventional Raman tensors of the modes. At 633 nm and 647 nm, which the authors assign to resonance with the dark A exciton lying slightly below the bright A exciton, all observed modes—including IR-active and backscattering-forbidden modes—exhibit a common I ∝ cos^2 β polarization behavior, with maximum intensity under parallel polarization. The authors attribute this universal behavior to intraband Fröhlich interaction between the dark A exciton and the scattered phonon, arguing that the Raman tensor degenerates into a scalar R ∝ qr, so that the phonon symmetry no longer controls the polarization response. The experimental observation is clear and reproducible across several modes and layers, and the theoretical claim is presented as a general mechanism for selection-rule breakdown in resonant Raman scattering.

Significance. If the mechanism were fully established, the paper would be significant: it demonstrates a robust regime in which Raman polarization selection rules are bypassed, with potential practical utility for detecting dark excitons and forbidden phonon modes. The experiment is the main strength: the contrast between 488 nm (mode-dependent polarization) and 633/647 nm (universal cos^2 behavior) is visually striking and supported by multiple modes and flake thicknesses. The theoretical treatment, however, has important gaps. In particular, the Fröhlich coupling used in the derivation vanishes for the very non-polar modes (shear, layer breathing, acoustic, A1') that display the universal behavior, and the step from a diagonal phonon matrix element to a scalar Raman tensor is not rigorously justified. The dark-A-exciton assignment is also assumed from prior literature rather than measured in these samples. These issues affect the central explanatory claim of the paper rather than the quality of the data.

major comments (3)

[§IV, Eq. (2)] The central mechanism is applied to all observed modes, but the Fröhlich coupling constant C_F in Eq. (2) is proportional to (ε∞^{-1} − ε0^{-1})^{1/2} and therefore vanishes for any mode without LO-TO splitting. The universal cos^2β behavior is explicitly observed for the shear mode S31, the layer-breathing mode LB31, LA(M) and TA(M) modes, and the A1' mode (Fig. 3d–e), which are non-polar or acoustic modes. The proposed Fröhlich interaction therefore cannot by itself explain the central observation of mode-independent polarization behavior. The authors need to either show that these modes possess non-negligible Fröhlich coupling (e.g., via computed Born effective charges) or re-derive the scalar-tensor result for a generic intraband electron-phonon interaction (such as the deformation potential) and state the conditions under which it applies.
[§IV, Eqs. (1)–(4)] The conversion of a diagonal M_ij into a scalar R requires an additional isotropy assumption that is neither stated nor proved. From Eq. (1), if M_ij = M δ_{ij}, then R_{αβ} = M Σ_i P^α_{0i} P^β_{i0} / [(E_i − ω_i + ω_0)(E_i − ω_s)], which is not automatically proportional to δ_{αβ}. The depolarized PL in Fig. 1(b) does not establish isotropy of the product of momentum matrix elements at the dark A resonance. A symmetry argument or an explicit calculation of P^α_{0i} for the relevant exciton states is needed before the claim that the Raman tensor 'degenerates into a scalar quantity' is justified.
[§III, Figs. 1–2] The identification of 633 nm and 647 nm as resonant with the dark A exciton is assumed rather than demonstrated for these samples. No dark-A feature appears in the reflectance contrast data of Fig. 1(a), and the assignment relies on prior literature (Refs. 21–26). A direct probe, such as a resonant Raman excitation profile across the A-exciton region or a low-temperature/magneto-optical signature of the dark state, would substantially strengthen the link between the observed behavior and the proposed intermediate state. If such data are not available, the manuscript should explicitly label this identification as an assumption and discuss how a different intermediate state would affect the conclusions.

minor comments (5)

[§III, Eq. (1) context] The intensity expression is written as I ∝ |e_s·R·e_i|, which is missing the square; Eq. (5) correctly uses the squared modulus. This should be corrected for consistency.
[§IV, Eq. (4)] Using the definitions p_e = m_e/(m_e+m_h) and p_h = m_h/(m_e+m_h), the leading-order expansion of the bracket in Eq. (3) is (p_e^2 − p_h^2) q^2 r^2 / 2, which gives M_ij ∝ C_F q r^2 (p_e^2 − p_h^2)/2, not C_F q r (m_e − m_h)/(m_e + m_h) as displayed in Eq. (4). The shown expression appears dimensionally inconsistent and should be corrected.
[§IV, Eq. (2)] The notation in Eq. (2) is ambiguous: the exponentials are rendered as e(iphq·r) and e(ipeq·r), and the definitions of ε0 and ε∞ are reversed relative to common usage (ε0 is the static/low-frequency dielectric constant and ε∞ is the high-frequency/optical dielectric constant). Standard notation such as e^{i p_h q·r} and e^{i p_e q·r} should be used, and the dielectric-constant definitions should be fixed.
[References] Several references are incomplete: Ref. 10 lacks article details, and Refs. 31 and 32 lack page numbers or article numbers. The reference list should be checked for consistency.
[Abstract and Conclusions] The phrase 'parallelled-polarization' should be 'parallel polarization', and 'scatted phonon' should be 'scattered phonon'. These typos should be corrected.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the cos^2β polarization law is derived from the standard Fröhlich interaction and is not fitted to the measured intensities.

full rationale

The paper's central derivation is self-contained. Eq. (1) is the standard resonant Raman cross section; Eq. (2) is the textbook Fröhlich Hamiltonian; Eqs. (3)-(4) evaluate the intraband matrix element and expand it for small q; the scalar Raman tensor R∝qr then gives I∝(qr)^2 cos^2β in Eq. (5). No parameter is adjusted to the measured polarization curves, and the predicted functional form is parameter-free. The dark A exciton assignment cites the authors' prior Ref. 6, but it is also supported by external Refs. 21-26 and 22/28, so this self-citation is not load-bearing. The step from diagonal M_ij to a scalar R silently assumes isotropy of the exciton-photon matrix elements, and applying a nonzero C_F to non-polar modes is physically questionable, but these are unproven assumptions or correctness risks, not reductions of the prediction to its own inputs. I find no equation or fit that makes the predicted cos^2β behavior equivalent by construction to the observation, so the circularity score is 0.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the experimental assignment of the dark A exciton resonance and on the theoretical reduction of the Raman tensor to a scalar via intraband Fröhlich interaction. No free parameters are fitted; the masses and dielectric constants entering C_F are literature values. The main assumptions are the dark A exciton's role and the isotropic s-exciton approximation.

assumptions (4)

standard math The Raman scattering cross-section formula of Eq. (1) from Martin and Falicov correctly describes first-order resonant Raman scattering.
Invoked in Section IV to define the Raman tensor R and derive the polarization dependence.
domain assumption The dark A exciton has a small but nonzero oscillator strength due to mixing with the bright A exciton.
Used in Section IV to justify why the dark A exciton can be an intermediate state; cited to Refs 22,28.
domain assumption The intraband Fröhlich interaction Hamiltonian of Eq. (2) governs the dark exciton-phonon coupling.
Assumed in Section IV; standard form from Yu and Cardona, but its dominance over other electron-phonon terms for dark A excitons is assumed.
domain assumption The exciton-phonon matrix element M_ij is diagonal between 1s dark A states, and the momentum matrix elements are isotropic in the plane.
This is the step that makes the Raman tensor a scalar; it is argued from the s-like symmetry of the 1s exciton, but not proven from a microscopic model for few-layer WS2.

how reviews work

0 comments

Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Breakdown of Raman Selection Rules By Fr\"{o}hlich Interaction in Few-Layer WS$_2$." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/NFL2MMMO

@misc{pith2026190806613,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Breakdown of Raman Selection Rules By Fr\"ohlich Interaction in Few-Layer WS$_2$},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/NFL2MMMO}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.06613}
}

abstract

The Raman selection rules arise from the crystal symmetry and then determine the Raman activity and polarization of scattered phonon modes. However, these selection rules can be broken in resonant process due to the strong electron-phonon coupling effect. Here we reported the observation of breakdown of Raman selection rules in few-layer WS$_2$ by using resonant Raman scattering with dark A exciton. In this case, not only the infrared active modes and backscattering forbidden modes are observed, but the intensities of all observed phonon modes become strongest under paralleled-polarization and independent on the Raman tensors of phonons. We attributed this phenomenon to the interaction between dark A exciton and the scatted phonon, the so-called intraband Fr\"{o}hlich interaction, where the Raman scattering possibility is totally determined by the symmetry of exciton rather than the phonons due to strong electron-phonon coupling. Our results not only can be used to easily detect the optical forbidden excitonic and phononic states but also provide a possible way to manipulate optical transitions between electronic levels.

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

34 extracted references · 23 canonical work pages

[1]

Loudon ,\ journal doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 journal Adv

author author R. Loudon ,\ journal doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 journal Adv. Phys. \ volume 13 ,\ pages 423 ( year 1964 ) NoStop Ramaneffect

doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 1964
[2]

author author E. J. \ Ayars , author H. D. \ Hallen ,\ and\ author C. L. \ Jahncke ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4180 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 85 ,\ pages 4180 ( year 2000 ) NoStop PRL-EFGR-2000

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.4180
[3]

Mai , author H

author author T. Mai , author H. Ajiki , author Y. Mizumoto , author K. Komeda , author M. Nara , author H. Nabika , author S. Yasuda , author H. Ishihara ,\ and\ author K. Murakoshi ,\ journal doi:10.1038/NPHOTON.2013.129 journal Nat. Photonics \ volume 7 ,\ pages 550 ( year 2013 ) NoStop Mai2013Selection

work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.129 2013
[4]

author author P. Y. \ Yu , author Y. R. \ Shen , author Y. Petroff ,\ and\ author L. M. \ Falicov ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.283 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 30 ,\ pages 283 ( year 1973 ) NoStop cu2o-prl-1973

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.30.283 1973
[5]

author author R. M. \ Martin \ and\ author L. M. \ Falicov ,\ title Resonant Raman scattering: Light Scattering in Solids I: Introductory Concepts , \ \ ( publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg ,\ address Berlin, Heidelberg ,\ year 1983 )\ pp.\ pages 79--145 NoStop Martin1983

work page 1983
[6]

author author Q. H. \ Tan , author Y. J. \ Sun , author X. L. \ Liu , author Y. Zhao , author Q. Xiong , author P. H. \ Tan ,\ and\ author J. Zhang ,\ journal doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa79bb journal 2D Mater. \ volume 4 ,\ pages 031007 ( year 2017 ) NoStop tqh-2D

work page doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa79bb
[7]

Zeng \ and\ author X

author author H. Zeng \ and\ author X. Cui ,\ journal doi:10.1039/C4CS00265B journal Chem. Soc. Rev. \ volume 44 ,\ pages 2629 ( year 2015 ) NoStop cuixiaodong-review-2015

work page doi:10.1039/c4cs00265b 2015
[8]

Jin , author E

author author C. Jin , author E. Y. \ Ma , author O. Karni , author E. C. \ Regan , author F. Wang ,\ and\ author T. F. \ Heinz ,\ journal doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0298-5 journal Nat. Nanotechnol. \ volume 13 ,\ pages 994 ( year 2018 ) NoStop C8CS00332G

work page doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0298-5

Show all 34 references

[9]

Zhang , author X

author author X. Zhang , author X. F. \ Qiao , author W. Shi , author J. B. \ Wu , author D. S. \ Jiang ,\ and\ author P. H. \ Tan ,\ journal doi:10.1039/c4cs00282b journal Chem. Soc. Rev. \ volume 44 ,\ pages 2757 ( year 2015 ) NoStop Zhang-CSR-2015

doi
[10]

Cao , author V

author author Y. Cao , author V. Fatemi , author A. Demir , author S. Fang , author S. L. \ Tomarken , author J. Y. \ Luo , author J. D. \ Sanchez-Yamagishi , author K. Watanabe , author T. Taniguchi , author E. Kaxiras , author R. C. \ Ashoori ,\ and\ author P. Jarillo-Herrer...
[11]

Cao , author V

author author Y. Cao , author V. Fatemi , author S. Fang , author K. Watanabe , author T. Taniguchi , author E. Kaxiras ,\ and\ author P. Jarillo-Herrero ,\ journal journal Nature \ volume 556 ,\ pages 43 ( year 2018 ) NoStop magicgraphene-2

2018
[12]

Wu , author A

author author F. Wu , author A. H. \ MacDonald ,\ and\ author I. Martin ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.257001 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 121 ,\ pages 257001 ( year 2018 ) NoStop magic-prl

2018 doi
[13]

Chen , author X

author author X. Chen , author X. Lu , author S. Dubey , author Q. Yao , author S. Liu , author X. Wang , author Q. Xiong , author L. Zhang ,\ and\ author A. Srivastava1 ,\ journal doi:10.1038/s41567-018-0366-7 journal Nat. Phys. \ volume 15 ,\ pages 221 ( year 2019 ) NoStop Ajit-NP

doi
[14]

author author M. L. \ Lin , author Y. Zhou , author J. B. \ Wu , author X. Cong , author X. L. \ Liu , author J. Zhang , author H. Li , author W. Yao ,\ and\ author P. H. \ Tan ,\ journal doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10400-z journal Nature Commun. \ volume 10 ,\ pages 2419 ( year 20...

doi
[15]

Miller , author J

author author B. Miller , author J. Lindlau , author M. Bommert , author A. Neumann , author H. Yamaguchi , author A. Holleitner , author A. H\" o gele ,\ and\ author U. Wurstbauer ,\ journal doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08764-3 journal Nature Commun. \ volume 10 ,\ pages 807 ( year...

doi
[16]

author author K. F. \ Mak , author C. Lee , author J. Hone , author J. Shan ,\ and\ author T. F. \ Heinz ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 105 ,\ pages 136805 ( year 2010 ) NoStop Mark-F-prl-2010

2010 doi
[17]

author author D. Y. \ Qiu , author F. H. \ da Jornada ,\ and\ author S. G. \ Louie ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.216805 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 111 ,\ pages 216805 ( year 2013 ) NoStop Qiu-PRL-2013

2013 doi
[18]

Horng , author T

author author J. Horng , author T. Stroucken , author L. Zhang , author E. Y. \ Paik , author H. Deng ,\ and\ author S. W. \ Koch ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.241404 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 97 ,\ pages 241404 ( year 2018 ) NoStop IX-PRB

doi
[19]

author author B. R. \ Carvalho , author L. M. \ Malard , author J. M. \ Alves , author C. Fantini ,\ and\ author M. A. \ Pimenta ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.136403 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 114 ,\ pages 136403 ( year 2015 ) NoStop Carvalho-prl-2015

doi
[20]

Scheuschner , author R

author author N. Scheuschner , author R. Gillen , author M. Staiger ,\ and\ author J. Maultzsch ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.235409 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 91 ,\ pages 235409 ( year 2015 ) NoStop PhysRevB-resonant-2015

2015 doi
[21]

Dery \ and\ author Y

author author H. Dery \ and\ author Y. Song ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.125431 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 92 ,\ pages 125431 ( year 2015 ) NoStop Pola-PRB-2015

2015 doi
[22]

author author J. P. \ Echeverry , author B. Urbaszek , author T. Amand , author X. Marie ,\ and\ author I. C. \ Gerber ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.121107 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 93 ,\ pages 121107 ( year 2016 ) NoStop Splitting-PRB-2016

2016 doi
[23]

author author M. R. \ Molas , author C. Faugeras , author A. O. \ Slobodeniuk , author K. Nogajewski , author M. Bartos , author D. M. \ Basko ,\ and\ author M. Potemski ,\ journal doi:doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa5521 journal 2D Mater. \ volume 4 ,\ pages 021003 ( year 2017 ) NoSt...

doi
[24]

Zhou , author G

author author Y. Zhou , author G. Scuri , author D. S. \ Wild , author A. A. \ High , author A. Dibos , author L. A. \ Jauregui , author C. Shu , author K. De Greve , author K. Pistunova , author A. Y. \ Joe , author T. Taniguchi , author K. Watanabe , author P. Kim , author M...

doi
[25]

Wang , author C

author author G. Wang , author C. Robert , author M. M. \ Glazov , author F. Cadiz , author E. Courtade , author T. Amand , author D. Lagarde , author T. Taniguchi , author K. Watanabe , author B. Urbaszek ,\ and\ author X. Marie ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.047401 j...

doi
[26]

\ Park , author T

author author K.-D. \ Park , author T. Jiang , author G. Clark , author X. Xu ,\ and\ author M. B. \ Raschke ,\ journal 10.1038/s41565-017-0003-0 journal Nature Nanotechnol. \ volume 13 ,\ pages 59 ( year 2018 ) NoStop dark-purcell-nn

2018 doi
[27]

Shi , author L

author author W. Shi , author L. Miao Ling , author T. Qing Hai , author X. F. \ Qiao , author J. Zhang ,\ and\ author P. H. \ Tan ,\ journal journal 2D Mater. \ volume 3 ,\ pages 025016 ( year 2016 ) NoStop ShiW-2D-2016

2016
[28]

\ Zhang , author T

author author X.-X. \ Zhang , author T. Cao , author Z. Lu , author Y.-C. \ Lin , author F. Zhang , author Y. Wang , author Z. Li , author J. C. \ Hone , author J. A. \ Robinson , author D. Smirnov , author S. G. \ Louie ,\ and\ author T. F. \ Heinz ,\ journal doi:10.1038/NNAN...

doi
[29]

author author R. M. \ Martin \ and\ author T. C. \ Damen ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.86 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 26 ,\ pages 86 ( year 1971 ) NoStop PRL-break-1971

1971 doi
[30]

author author R. M. \ Martin ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.4.3676 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volume 4 ,\ pages 3676 ( year 1971 ) NoStop PRB-P-RRS-1971

1971 doi
[31]

Jin , author J

author author C. Jin , author J. Kim , author K. Wu , author B. Chen , author E. S. \ Barnard , author J. Suh , author Z. Shi , author S. G. \ Drapcho , author J. Wu , author P. J. \ Schuck , author S. Tongay ,\ and\ author F. Wang ,\ journal doi:10.1002/adfm.201601741 journal...

doi
[32]

Wang , author A

author author Z. Wang , author A. Molina-Snchez , author P. Altmann , author D. Sangalli , author D. De Fazio , author G. Soavi , author U. Sassi , author F. Bottegoni , author F. Ciccacci , author M. Finazzi , author L. Wirtz , author A. C. \ Ferrari , author A. Marini , auth...

doi
[33]

Robert , author T

author author C. Robert , author T. Amand , author F. Cadiz , author D. Lagarde , author E. Courtade , author M. Manca , author T. Taniguchi , author K. Watanabe , author B. Urbaszek ,\ and\ author X. Marie ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.96.155423 journal Phys. Rev. B \ volum...

doi
[34]

author author P. Y. \ Yu \ and\ author M. Cardona ,\ title Optical Properties II: Fundamentals of Semiconductors: Physics and Materials Properties , \ \ ( publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg ,\ address Berlin, Heidelberg ,\ year 2010 )\ pp.\ pages 345--426 NoStop Yu2010

2010

Pith tools

Reviewed August 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.

[1] [1]

Loudon ,\ journal doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 journal Adv

author author R. Loudon ,\ journal doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 journal Adv. Phys. \ volume 13 ,\ pages 423 ( year 1964 ) NoStop Ramaneffect

doi:10.1080/00018736400101051 1964

[2] [2]

author author E. J. \ Ayars , author H. D. \ Hallen ,\ and\ author C. L. \ Jahncke ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.4180 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 85 ,\ pages 4180 ( year 2000 ) NoStop PRL-EFGR-2000

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.4180

[3] [3]

Mai , author H

author author T. Mai , author H. Ajiki , author Y. Mizumoto , author K. Komeda , author M. Nara , author H. Nabika , author S. Yasuda , author H. Ishihara ,\ and\ author K. Murakoshi ,\ journal doi:10.1038/NPHOTON.2013.129 journal Nat. Photonics \ volume 7 ,\ pages 550 ( year 2013 ) NoStop Mai2013Selection

work page doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.129 2013

[4] [4]

author author P. Y. \ Yu , author Y. R. \ Shen , author Y. Petroff ,\ and\ author L. M. \ Falicov ,\ journal doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.283 journal Phys. Rev. Lett. \ volume 30 ,\ pages 283 ( year 1973 ) NoStop cu2o-prl-1973

work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.30.283 1973

[5] [5]

author author R. M. \ Martin \ and\ author L. M. \ Falicov ,\ title Resonant Raman scattering: Light Scattering in Solids I: Introductory Concepts , \ \ ( publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg ,\ address Berlin, Heidelberg ,\ year 1983 )\ pp.\ pages 79--145 NoStop Martin1983

work page 1983

[6] [6]

author author Q. H. \ Tan , author Y. J. \ Sun , author X. L. \ Liu , author Y. Zhao , author Q. Xiong , author P. H. \ Tan ,\ and\ author J. Zhang ,\ journal doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa79bb journal 2D Mater. \ volume 4 ,\ pages 031007 ( year 2017 ) NoStop tqh-2D

work page doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa79bb

[7] [7]

Zeng \ and\ author X

author author H. Zeng \ and\ author X. Cui ,\ journal doi:10.1039/C4CS00265B journal Chem. Soc. Rev. \ volume 44 ,\ pages 2629 ( year 2015 ) NoStop cuixiaodong-review-2015

work page doi:10.1039/c4cs00265b 2015

[8] [8]

Jin , author E

author author C. Jin , author E. Y. \ Ma , author O. Karni , author E. C. \ Regan , author F. Wang ,\ and\ author T. F. \ Heinz ,\ journal doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0298-5 journal Nat. Nanotechnol. \ volume 13 ,\ pages 994 ( year 2018 ) NoStop C8CS00332G

work page doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0298-5