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REVIEW 3 major objections 3 minor 32 references

Schrodinger's Wave Mechanics: Remarkable Dates and Place One Hundred Years Ago

T0 review · 3 major / 3 minor · reviewed 2026-08-03 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read One hundred years ago, wave quantum mechanics was born in Arosa, Switzerland, during Schrödinger's Christmas 1925 vacation, and the surviving correspondence fixes the discovery window from early November 1925 to late January 1926.

desk verdict Commemorative source map, useful for teachers; the Arosa 'birthplace' claim is asserted in the abstract but the text's own hedges and weak evidence do not support it. read the letter →

arxiv 2601.05337 v6 pith:O5VMVPCJ submitted 2026-01-08 physics.hist-ph quant-ph

Sergei K. Suslov This is my paper · ORCID
classification physics.hist-phquant-ph PACS 01.65.+g
keywords SchrödingerequationwavemechanicshistoryofquantumArosadeBroglieEinstein1925-1926centenary
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper tries to pin down, as precisely as the surviving record allows, when and where Erwin Schrödinger created wave mechanics. Using four dated letters—to Einstein on 3 November 1925, to Wien from Arosa on 27 December 1925, and to Sommerfeld on 29 January 1926—plus Felix Bloch's recollection of two Zürich colloquia in late 1925, it argues that the decisive work happened in Arosa over the Christmas holidays of 1925–26, after a failed relativistic attempt. If right, the centenary of wave mechanics falls exactly now, and the familiar story of a sudden mountain-top inspiration is replaced by a concrete, letter-documented chain running from de Broglie and Einstein to Sommerfeld.

What carries the argument

The argument is carried by an evidence chain, not a mathematical theorem: Schrödinger's letter to Einstein dated 3 November 1925 (showing he had just read de Broglie), Bloch's 1976 recollection of two Zürich colloquia 'presumably' held in late November/early December 1925, Schrödinger's letter from Arosa to Wien dated 27 December 1925, and his letter to Sommerfeld dated 29 January 1926 reporting success on the oscillator, rotator, hydrogen atom, and free motion. These four items bracket the intellectual work in time; the Villa Frisia guest-book entry, shown in a linked university video, ties the Christmas period to a specific building.

What would settle it

Check the Herwig family guest book at Villa Frisia for an entry in Schrödinger's hand dated late December 1925; also search for any dated Schrödinger manuscript or letter showing the wave equation derivation before 3 November 1925. If the guest-book entry is missing or misdated, the specific Arosa attribution collapses; if a pre-November derivation surfaces, the whole timeline moves earlier.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

Schrödinger's wave mechanics was discovered not in a single flash but in a burst of work stretching from early November 1925 to the end of January 1926. Schrödinger first obtained de Broglie's thesis in those weeks, presented the emerging ideas in two Zürich colloquia, then at Christmas in Arosa found the non-relativistic wave equation after his relativistic version failed to produce the hydrogen fine-structure formula, and by 29 January 1926 had a fully working method for the oscillator, rotator, hydrogen atom, and free particle. The paper assembles letters and memoir evidence to support this timeline and uses the Villa Frisia guest book to locate the Christmas breakthrough.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the surviving letters and Bloch's 1976 recollection date the actual intellectual work, not just the correspondence, and that the Villa Frisia guest-book entry really records Schrödinger's Christmas 1925 stay.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The January 29, 1926 letter to Sommerfeld shows that Schrödinger had already solved the quantum oscillator, rotator, non-relativistic hydrogen atom, and free-particle motion before his first formal paper appeared.
  • The relativistic wave equation came first, in late December 1925 in Arosa, and was abandoned because it gave the wrong hydrogen fine structure; this failure directly motivated the non-relativistic equation that bears his name.
  • The time-dependent equation was published about six months after the stationary equation, even though Schrödinger's coherent-state work effectively required it earlier.
  • Schrödinger's acceptance of the imaginary unit in the time-dependent equation was a deliberate, reluctant choice, and he explored whether a real wave function could avoid it.
  • By this timeline, the centenary of wave mechanics falls in the 1925–26 Christmas season, making the current period the historical moment for commemorations.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The narrow Arosa/Villa Frisia attribution likely rests on weaker evidence than the broad November-to-January window; if the guest-book identification is ever challenged, the Christmas-in-Arosa story may need to be softened to 'sometime between early November 1925 and late January 1926.'
  • The paper's timeline implies that Schrödinger's path was more continuous than the myth of a sudden vacation epiphany: he was already working on de Broglie's ideas in Zürich weeks before Arosa.
  • The failed relativistic attempt, described in Schrödinger's 1956 confession, suggests that the wave equation's history is entangled with the later Dirac equation; a dedicated study of that unpublished computation could clarify exactly what Schrödinger derived.
  • One testable extension: compare the mathematical structure of Sommerfeld's radial-integral quantization with the eigenvalue problem in Schrödinger's first paper to measure how much of the method came directly from Sommerfeld.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper claims to identify the dates and place of Schrödinger's creation of wave mechanics: a timeline from early November 1925 (letter to Einstein reporting his reading of de Broglie) to late January 1926 (letter to Sommerfeld describing a completed non-relativistic method), with the 'birth' placed in Arosa at Christmas 1925. It discusses the relativistic false start, quotes several letters (to Einstein, Sommerfeld, Lorentz, and the 1956 confession), and outlines the legacy of the equation. The intended audience is students and teachers; the paper provides many page-level references to the Schrödinger correspondence and standard historical works.

Significance. If the Arosa attribution is correct, the paper fixes a famous episode to a specific place and date and offers a compact, well-referenced account for pedagogical use. Its strengths are the careful citation of primary sources with volume and page numbers, the transcription of key passages (e.g., the November 1925 Einstein letter, the January 1926 Sommerfeld letter, the 1956 confession), and the synthetic summary of the historical context. However, the novelty is modest: most of the narrative is already available in Mehra–Rechenberg, Kragh, and Moore. The load-bearing claim about the place of discovery is supported only by soft, partly anecdotal evidence, and the paper's own hedges ('not precisely recorded,' 'it is believed') sit uneasily with the unqualified abstract statement. The paper could become a useful historical note after the evidentiary gaps and overstatements are addressed.

major comments (3)
  1. [Abstract / 'Place of discovery'] The abstract states as fact that 'wave quantum mechanics was born in Arosa, Switzerland' at Christmas 1925, but the evidence presented is a Dec. 27 letter from Arosa to Wien (Ref. [20], 037, pp. 162–165) that is never quoted, a video of a guest-book entry, and a Figure 1 caption that explicitly says 'it is believed.' No contemporaneous document is quoted that connects the creative act to Arosa. The Jan. 29, 1926 letter to Sommerfeld, which demonstrates the finished method, is dated from Zürich. To support the headline claim, please quote the relevant passage from the Wien letter or another contemporaneous source; absent that, the abstract and title should be hedged ('probably,' 'traditionally believed'). This is load-bearing because the place is in the title.
  2. ['Timetable' paragraph] The timeline uses Bloch's 1976 recollection of 'two colloquia in Zürich' as an anchor, but the paper does not state what Bloch actually says about those colloquia—whether they concerned de Broglie's thesis, Schrödinger's own work, or something else. The phrase 'presumably held in late November and/or early December 1925' is itself an inference from Ref. [19], not a direct statement by Bloch. If the colloquia already displayed wave-mechanical ideas, the 'born in Arosa' claim loses its exclusivity; if they were preliminary, their role in dating the discovery needs to be made explicit. Please quote Bloch's recollection and indicate how it bears on the Arosa attribution.
  3. ['Main legacy' (relativistic attempt sentence)] The sentence 'After discovering the relativistic version of his equation, presumably in late December of 1925 in Arosa...' asserts a place for the relativistic false start without a supporting citation. The hedge 'presumably' appears to cover the date only, not the location. This compounds the place-attribution problem: if both the relativistic attempt and the subsequent switch to the non-relativistic equation occurred in Arosa, that is a factual claim requiring direct evidence. Please supply a source for the 'in Arosa' location or remove the location from this sentence.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Header / Addendum] The 'Compiled on: December 29, 2025 at 12:05 am Arosa Switzerland time' and 'Amended on...' lines, together with the Addendum and Figure 5 showing the author at Villa Frisia, are nonstandard for a scholarly article. They introduce the author's personal presence into the historical record and should be removed or moved to an acknowledgment/footnote.
  2. [Typos and references] There are several typos: 'had succeded' (p. 4), 'van der Warden' (p. 4 and Ref. [30]) should be 'van der Waerden', and 'participaion' in Ref. [6]. Also, the string 'ntp-H' appears before Figure 3's caption and looks like a stray artifact.
  3. [Figure 1 / UZH video] The guest-book evidence is cited only through a university video link, which is not a stable archival reference. Please reproduce the relevant guest-book entry as a figure or provide a formal archival citation, so readers can verify the entry independently.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No circularity: the timeline is anchored to external primary sources; self-citations are peripheral.

full rationale

The paper contains no derivation chain whose output is equivalent to its input. The historical timeline is assembled from external primary sources: Schrödinger's letters to Einstein (Nov 3, 1925), Wien (Dec 27, 1925), and Sommerfeld (Jan 29, 1926) in von Meyenn [20], Bloch's 1976 colloquium recollection [3], and Mehra–Rechenberg [19]. The Arosa place claim is explicitly hedged (“it is believed wave mechanics was discovered during the Christmas holidays 1925–26”) and rests on Moore [21] and a UZH guest-book video, not on the author's own prior results. The author's self-citations ([1], [2], [15]) are peripheral: [1] is cited for a future English translation of the Sommerfeld letter and for further discussion of the relativistic equation, but the letter's key sentence is already quoted from [19]/[20]; [2] and [15] provide background on the relativistic Schrödinger equation and squeezed states. None of these self-citations is load-bearing for the central date/place estimate, and no fitted parameter, uniqueness theorem, or ansatz is imported from prior work to force the conclusion. The weakness of the Arosa inference—a guest book shows presence, not discovery, and the Wien letter is not quoted—is an evidentiary limitation, not circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No physical free parameters and no invented entities: the paper contains no derivation. The central output, the "reasonable estimate" window, is a hand-assembled interval from four dated sources and is transparently labeled as an estimate rather than a fitted parameter. The genuinely load-bearing inputs are historiographical: letter authenticity and dating, a 50-year-old memoir, and the Villa Frisia attribution, which the paper itself hedges with "it is believed."

assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption The cited letters are genuine and correctly dated (to Einstein, 3 Nov 1925; to Wien, 27 Dec 1925; to Sommerfeld, 29 Jan 1926), and Schrödinger's descriptions of his own progress are chronologically reliable.
    The entire timeline is inferred from this correspondence as edited in von Meyenn [20]; no audit of the originals or of the editorial dating is attempted.
  • domain assumption Felix Bloch's 1976 recollection accurately records that Schrödinger presented his wave mechanics at two Zürich colloquia in late 1925.
    Invoked at "Bloch's recollection of two colloquia in Zürich [3], presumably held in late November and/or early December 1925"; a memoir published five decades after the events, which the paper itself marks only as "presumably."
  • domain assumption Villa Frisia in Arosa is the specific place of discovery.
    Resting on Moore's biography [21] and a guest-book entry shown in a linked UZH video; the paper's own Figure 1 caption says "it is believed wave mechanics was discovered during the Christmas holidays 1925–26."
  • domain assumption The textbook physics of the Schrödinger equation (stationary, time-dependent, hydrogen solutions, complex amplitudes) is as summarized from Landau–Lifshitz [16] and the Collected Papers.
    Standard background physics invoked to frame the historical narrative; it is not derived in this manuscript and is not at issue for the historical claim.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Schrodinger's Wave Mechanics: Remarkable Dates and Place One Hundred Years Ago." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/O5VMVPCJ

@misc{pith2026260105337,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Schrodinger's Wave Mechanics: Remarkable Dates and Place One Hundred Years Ago},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/O5VMVPCJ}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2601.05337}
}
read the original abstract

We discuss, at a level accessible to students and teachers of physics and mathematics, the fundamental transition from classical mechanics to wave equations made by Schrodinger a century ago. These historical events clarify the structure and significance of quantum mechanics and are of interest to the global scientific community. Valuable sources for further studies are provided throughout the article.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2601.05337 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The Villa Frisia of Dr. Herwig’s sanatorium, Arosa (right), where it is believed wave mechanics was discovered during the Christmas holidays 1925–26 [21]. ψ = X k ckuk(x)e 2πiEkt h Instead of the imaginary exponent, I would like to neatly write a cosine and ask myself: is it possible to define the imaginary part unambiguously without referring to the entire temporal course of the quantity, but only to the real quant… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. A postcard with the view of the Villa Frisia (right), where Schr¨odinger stayed, and the house of Dr. Otto Herwig (left). by the separation of variables [16]. It turns out that this equation describes cor￾rectly everything we know about the behavior of atoms. It is also the basis of all of chemistry and most of quantum physics. This discovery came as a complete surprise to Schr¨odinger as well as to everybody else4 … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. The time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation — arcaded courtyard in the main building of the University of Vienna (left) and the churchyard cemetery of Alpbach village in Tirol (right), respectively. States later this year ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (2 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Erwin Schr¨odinger accepted an invitation to lecture at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in early 1927, leaving in December 1926 to give talks in January and February 1927 https: //search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AHDIU5YGAIRZOW8N [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: The author at Villa Frisia on December 29, 2025 . Conclusion: The year 1926 saw revolutionary change to the world of physics — the Schr¨odinger equation turned out to have an enormously wide range of appli￾cations, from the quantum theory of atoms and molecules to soli…

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Reference graph

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