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Yukawas and discrete symmetries in F-theory compactifications without section
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In the case of F-theory compactifications on genus-one fibrations without section there are naturally appearing discrete symmetries, which we argue to be associated to geometrically massive U(1) gauge symmetries. These discrete symmetries are shown to induce non-trivial selection rules for the allowed Yukawa couplings in SU(N) gauge theories. The general discussion is exemplified using a concrete Calabi-Yau fourfold realizing an SU(5) GUT model. We observe that M2 instanton effects appear to play a key role in the generation of new superpotential terms and in the dynamics close to phase transition loci.
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F-theory models with $U(1)\times \mathbb{Z}_2,\, \mathbb{Z}_4$ and transitions in discrete gauge groups
On bisection loci in a four-section geometry, the F-theory gauge group enlarges from Z2 to U(1) times Z2, and Higgsing can break it down to a discrete Z4 gauge group.
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