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Will Systems of LLM Agents Cooperate: An Investigation into a Social Dilemma

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arxiv 2501.16173 v1 pith:QF7BO6CD submitted 2025-01-27 cs.MA cs.GT

classification cs.MAcs.GT
keywords agentscooperativedilemmallmsstrategicsystemsaggressiveautonomous
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As autonomous agents become more prevalent, understanding their collective behaviour in strategic interactions is crucial. This study investigates the emergent cooperative tendencies of systems of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in a social dilemma. Unlike previous research where LLMs output individual actions, we prompt state-of-the-art LLMs to generate complete strategies for iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Using evolutionary game theory, we simulate populations of agents with different strategic dispositions (aggressive, cooperative, or neutral) and observe their evolutionary dynamics. Our findings reveal that different LLMs exhibit distinct biases affecting the relative success of aggressive versus cooperative strategies. This research provides insights into the potential long-term behaviour of systems of deployed LLM-based autonomous agents and highlights the importance of carefully considering the strategic environments in which they operate.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Super-additive Cooperation in Language Model Agents

    cs.AI 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Language model agents cooperate more in a prisoner's dilemma when repeated interactions and inter-team competition are combined, but only for some models.

  2. LLM Economist: Large Population Models and Mechanism Design in Multi-Agent Generative Simulacra

    cs.MA 2025-07 reject novelty 6.0 of 10

    The LLM Economist framework couples persona-conditioned worker agents with an in-context RL planner to search US-bracket tax schedules, yet its Saez benchmark is derived from the planner's own solution and its headlin...

  3. When Ethics and Payoffs Diverge: LLM Agents in Morally Charged Social Dilemmas

    cs.CL 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Across morally framed prisoner's dilemmas and public goods games, none of nine LLMs consistently chooses the ethical action when it conflicts with payoff, with cooperation rates from 7.9% to 76.3%.

  4. Shapley-Coop: Credit Assignment for Emergent Cooperation in Self-Interested LLM Agents

    cs.MA 2025-06 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Shapley-Coop asks LLM agents to negotiate prices for contributions based on Shapley value reasoning, improving cooperation and reward fairness in three multi-agent tasks.

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