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Theory of charge dynamics in bilayer electron system with long-range Coulomb interaction

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Pith's one-line read This paper derives the long-range Coulomb interaction for a bilayer square lattice from the lattice Poisson equation, making the model valid at any electron density.

desk verdict A careful extension of Fetter's bilayer Coulomb interaction to a lattice, with a real discretization caveat and a RIXS comparison that is more ambiguous than the abstract claims. read the letter →

arxiv 2411.13650 v2 pith:QQWJGPYF submitted 2024-11-20 cond-mat.str-el cond-mat.supr-con

Hiroyuki Yamase This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.str-elcond-mat.supr-con
keywords bilayerelectronsystemlong-rangeCoulombinteractionlatticepotentialplasmonmodesrandomphaseapproximationchargeexcitationsresonantinelasticx-rayscatteringcupratesuperconductors
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper derives the long-range Coulomb interaction for a bilayer square lattice by solving the lattice Poisson equation, producing closed formulas $V(q)$ and $V'(q)$ that respect the bilayer geometry at any electron density. These formulas extend the continuum electron-gas interaction that was only justified at low density and that silently imposed $2\pi$ periodicity along the stacking direction. Fed into the random phase approximation, they yield no charge-ordering tendency but two plasmon branches, $\omega_+$ and $\omega_-$, whose spectral weights are not $2\pi$-periodic in $q_z c$. The paper then shows how intrabilayer and interbilayer hopping controls whether the lower branch stays gapless at $q_\parallel=(0,0)$, and uses the formulas to interpret resonant inelastic x-ray scattering data in bilayer cuprates.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the lattice Poisson equation along the stacking direction. The paper discretizes the second $z$-derivative with a four-point finite-difference stencil spanning points at $0$, $d$, $c$, and $-(c-d)$, with coefficients fixed by Taylor expansion, and solves the resulting $2\times2$ matrix equation for the Green's functions $G(q)$ and $G'(q)$. From these solutions the interaction entries $V(q)=e^2\,\mathrm{Re}\,G(q)/(a^2 c)$ and $V'(q)=e^2 G'(q)/(a^2 c)$ follow. This stencil is what defines the lattice Coulomb interaction on the bilayer: it makes the interaction depend on the actual geometry (intrabilayer distance $d$, interbilayer distance $c$, in-plane anisotropy $\alpha$) and gives the $q_z$ dependence that later controls the two plasmon branches.

What would settle it

Compute $V(q)$ and $V'(q)$ for the same bilayer square lattice by an independent real-space summation of the $1/r$ interaction over repeated bilayer unit cells and compare with Eqs. (28) and (29); significant disagreement at intermediate $q$ would show that the discretized Poisson equation is not the physical lattice Coulomb interaction. Alternatively, in a bilayer cuprate with known hopping parameters, measure the RIXS spectral weight at $q_z c=2n\pi$ with $n\neq 0$: the theory predicts a bright $\omega_-$ mode there while the $\omega_+$ weight vanishes.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

On its own terms, the central result is that the Coulomb interaction of a bilayer lattice can be written as a $2\times2$ interaction matrix whose entries are Eqs. (28) and (29), with the determinant Eq. (30). The diagonal entry $V(q)$ is the real part of the lattice Green's function and the off-diagonal $V'(q)$ carries the interlayer interaction, including imaginary parts that encode the intrabilayer distance $d$. These formulas reduce to the single-layer lattice Coulomb interaction in the single-layer limit and to a single-cell model when $d=c/2$, and in the long-wavelength limit they give an anisotropic singularity $V(q)=V'(q)\propto 1/[\alpha((q_x a)^2+(q_y a)^2)+(q_z c)^2]$ instead of the isotropic electron-gas form. In the RPA, two plasmon branches appear; the denominator of the response function keeps exact $2\pi$ periodicity in $q_z c$, but the spectral weight does not, because the numerator carries the two-site basis through factors of the intrabilayer distance $d$.

Load-bearing premise

The derivation hinges on the specific four-point finite-difference stencil chosen to discretize the Poisson equation along the stacking direction; if that stencil is not a faithful lattice Coulomb Green's function, the central formulas are approximate rather than exact.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The same RPA machinery can be applied at any electron density, not just the low-density electron-gas limit, so quantitative comparison with near-half-filled bilayer materials becomes possible.
  • At $q_z c=0$ only the $\omega_+$ (in-phase) plasmon carries spectral weight, while the $\omega_-$ mode reappears at finite $q_z c$; the intensity, not just the dispersion, must therefore be tracked when comparing RIXS data.
  • Small intrabilayer hopping $t_z$ leaves the $\omega_-$ mode gapless at $q_\parallel=(0,0)$ for $q_z c\neq 2n\pi$, while sufficiently large $t_z$ flips the hierarchy so that the $\omega_+$ mode becomes the gapless one, with a crossover near $t_z\approx 0.16t$ for the parameters used.
  • Turning on the interbilayer hopping $t_z'$ opens a gap in both modes at $q_\parallel=(0,0)$ for $q_z c\neq 2n\pi$, so in this model a truly gapless acousticlike plasmon requires $t_z'=0$.
  • Because the denominator keeps $2\pi$ periodicity while the spectral weight does not, experiments performed at $q_z c=0$ and at $q_z c=2n\pi$ with $n\neq 0$ are not equivalent, even though the dispersion is periodic.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the same Poisson-equation construction is extended to three- and four-layer unit cells, the non-$2\pi$ spectral-weight pattern in $q_z c$ should become richer with each added layer; the paper leaves that extension for future work.
  • Because the four-point stencil is one of several possible lattice Green's functions, an independent real-space summation of the $1/r$ interaction over bilayer images would be a direct check on whether Eqs. (28) and (29) capture the physical Coulomb tail at short distances.
  • The anisotropic long-wavelength limit implies that the optical plasmon frequency should inherit the in-plane versus out-of-plane dielectric anisotropy $\alpha$; measuring that anisotropy in a bilayer material would discriminate the lattice Coulomb form from the isotropic electron-gas prediction.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

1 major / 6 minor

Summary. The manuscript derives the long-range Coulomb interaction (LRC) for a bilayer square lattice with two layers per unit cell by discretizing the anisotropic Poisson equation with a four-point finite-difference stencil along the stacking direction. The resulting closed forms for V(q) and V'(q), Eqs. (28)–(30), are presented as a generalization of Fetter's electron-gas result valid at arbitrary electron density. The dynamical charge susceptibility is then computed in the random phase approximation, with explicit formulas for t_z = 0 and t_z ≠ 0, and analyzed numerically as a function of q_parallel, q_z c, t_z, and t'_z. The main findings are two coupled plasmon branches whose spectral weights do not have 2π periodicity along q_z c, a gapless-to-gapped transition of one branch controlled by the interlayer and interbilayer hoppings, and a qualitative comparison with RIXS data on bilayer Y-based cuprates.

Significance. The paper addresses a real gap in the literature: the Fetter LRC is an electron-gas formula and is routinely used in lattice calculations at arbitrary filling. The analytical derivation is a useful contribution, and the paper's internal checks are a clear strength: Appendix A reduces the two-site model to the single-layer LRC and susceptibility in the d = c/2, t_z = t'_z limit, and the long-wavelength limit reproduces the expected anisotropic 1/q^2 form. The explicit RPA expressions and the systematic q_z c scans provide a concrete framework for interpreting RIXS plasmons in bilayer cuprates and for designing experiments that distinguish the ω+ and ω− branches. The comparison with experiment is appropriately hedged in the text. The main caveat is that the 'lattice LRC' is defined by one particular finite-difference regularization; this affects the quantitative predictions and should be addressed before the strongest claims are taken literally.

major comments (1)
  1. [II.B, Eqs. (14)–(30)] The statement that Eqs. (28)–(29) are 'the formulae beyond the Fetter model' and that they give an LRC 'that fully respect[s] the bilayer lattice structure' is stronger than what the derivation establishes. The z derivative in Eq. (13) is replaced by a particular four-point compact stencil (Eq. (14) with h1–h4 fixed by Taylor expansion), and the resulting V(q) and V'(q) are the Green's function of that discretized operator, not of the exact lattice Coulomb kernel 1/sqrt(epsilon_parallel (x^2+y^2) + epsilon_perp z^2) on the same two-layer cell. An Ewald lattice sum would generally produce different finite-q Fourier coefficients, especially at the q_parallel and q_z values used in Figs. 3–16. Since the predicted ω+ / ω− hierarchy, the gap/gapless crossing near t_z ≈ 0.16 (Figs. 9 and 13), and the intensity nodes in Fig. 10 are quantitative outputs of this choice, the authors should either compare with an Ewald or independent lattice-Poisson reference calculation and quantify the differences, or explicitly reframe the claim as 'one lattice regularization' and state the sensitivity of the main conclusions to that choice. This is load-bearing because the paper's first major result is Eqs. (28)–(29).
minor comments (6)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract uses the notation 'w_{+-} modes' while the main text uses 'ω± modes'; please unify the notation.
  2. [II.B] In the sentence introducing Eq. (27), 'the factor 1/(a2c) comes form the volume of the unit cell' contains a typo: 'form' should be 'from'.
  3. [III.A.1] The text refers to 'Winger crystallization'; the standard spelling is 'Wigner crystallization'.
  4. [IV.A, Fig. 16] The claim in the abstract that 'the present theory captures available data' is stronger than the hedged discussion in Sec. IV.A, where the authors note that t = 233 meV is chosen to reproduce the data and that another parameter set could assign the observed mode to ω+; consider wording such as 'is consistent with' or 'can reproduce the data for a chosen parameter set'.
  5. [V] The phrase 'a fictitious plasmon dispersion, not the spectral weight, has 2π periodicity' is vague; it should say explicitly that the dispersion obtained from det = 0 is 2π-periodic, while the intensity Im κ(q,ω) is not.
  6. [Figure captions, Figs. 3–15] The horizontal axis is labeled only as 'q'; please state in the captions or in the text that the paths are given in units of the in-plane lattice constant a and that energies are in units of t.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 1.0 of 10

No significant circularity: the bilayer LRC equations are a self-contained algebraic solution of a stated discretized Poisson equation, and the RIXS comparison is an openly parameterized reproduction rather than a disguised prediction.

full rationale

The central derivation chain is self-contained. Starting from the continuum Poisson equation (13), the paper replaces the z second derivative by an explicit four-point finite-difference stencil (14) whose coefficients are fixed by Taylor expansion (15)-(18), solves the resulting 2x2 linear system (22)-(26), and obtains V(q) and V'(q) by the stated Fourier conventions (27). Equations (28)-(30) follow by direct algebra from this stated input; they are not defined in terms of the plasmon frequencies or RIXS data that are later computed. The single-layer limit c=2d is checked analytically in Appendix A against an independent single-layer calculation, which provides a non-circular cross-check. The disagreement with the Fetter model (Sec. IV B) is a genuine comparison between two different models, not a renaming. The RIXS comparison (Sec. IV A) does select t=233 meV to align with the experimental data, but the paper explicitly says 'we can find a parameter set to reproduce the experimental data' and concedes 'we cannot deny a possibility that we could find another parameter set which allows the experimental data to be interpreted as the ω+ mode'; the mode-shape and q-dependence are not obtained by fitting the plotted data. The main numerical results are therefore not forced by construction. The choice of the finite-difference stencil in Eq. (14) is a modeling assumption whose adequacy could be questioned against Ewald summation, but that is a correctness and robustness concern, not a circularity: no claimed prediction reduces by definition to the inputs, and no load-bearing argument rests on a self-citation chain.

Assumptions & free parameters 10 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central LRC derivation is self-contained except for the continuum Poisson equation with constant dielectric functions and the specific finite-difference stencil. The numerical predictions additionally depend on a set of model parameters chosen by hand, including t=233 meV used to align with RIXS data.

free parameters (10)
  • t'/t = -0.30
    Third-nearest in-plane hopping ratio, chosen to model cuprates. Not derived.
  • t''/t = 0.15
    Third-nearest in-plane hopping ratio, chosen.
  • electron density n = 0.79
    Chosen to represent a doped cuprate near optimum.
  • Vc/t = 130
    Coulomb interaction strength in units of t, chosen.
  • alpha (dielectric anisotropy) = 40
    Ratio c^2 * epsilon_parallel / (a^2 * epsilon_perp), chosen.
  • Gamma/t = 0.01
    Broadening parameter for numerical convenience.
  • T/t = 0.01
    Temperature set small.
  • d/c = 3.36/11.68
    Intrabilayer distance ratio taken from Ref. [52].
  • t (energy unit) = 233 meV
    Set to match the energy scale of RIXS data in Sec. IV A.
  • tz and t'z = 0.01-0.25; 0 or tz/2
    Interlayer hopping values scanned in the numerical study.
assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption The long-range electron-electron interaction is described by the Poisson equation with constant anisotropic dielectric constants epsilon_parallel and epsilon_perp (Eq. 13).
    This is a standard continuum description of the Coulomb interaction in layered materials, but the constancy and anisotropy are idealizations.
  • ad hoc to paper The z-derivative in the Poisson equation is discretized on the bilayer lattice using points at z=0, d, c, and -(c-d) with coefficients h1-h4 from Taylor expansion (Eq. 14).
    This finite-difference stencil is introduced in this paper to define the lattice Coulomb interaction; alternative discretizations could yield different V(q).
  • domain assumption The random phase approximation (RPA) gives the charge susceptibility (Eq. 31), neglecting vertex corrections and strong correlation effects.
    RPA is standard for plasmons but is an approximation for the strongly correlated cuprates, acknowledged by the author.
  • domain assumption The interlayer hopping matrix elements have the form -tz(cos kx a - cos ky a)^2 (Eq. 5), taken from LDA band calculations.
    An LDA-derived form factor is assumed for the bilayer band structure.
  • standard math Standard Fourier analysis and linear algebra are used without proof.
    Background mathematics.

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Pith. "Pith review of Theory of charge dynamics in bilayer electron system with long-range Coulomb interaction." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/QQWJGPYF

@misc{pith2026241113650,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Theory of charge dynamics in bilayer electron system with long-range Coulomb interaction},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/QQWJGPYF}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2411.13650}
}
read the original abstract

We perform a comprehensive study of charge excitations in a bilayer electron system in the presence of the long-range Coulomb interaction (LRC). Our major point is to derive formulae of the LRC that fully respect the bilayer lattice structure. This is an extension of the LRC obtained by Fetter in the electron-gas model 50 years ago and can now be applicable to any electron density. We then provide general formulae of the charge susceptibility in the random phase approximation and study them numerically. The charge ordering tendency is not found and instead we find two plasmon modes, w_{+} and w_{-} modes. Our second major point is to elucidate their spectral weight distribution and the effect of electron tunneling between the layers. The spectral weight of the w_{+-} modes does not have 2pi periodicity along the q_{z}c direction. The w_{+} mode loses spectral weight at inplane momentum q_{||}=(0,0) at q_{z}c=2n pi with n being integer whereas the w_{-} mode has no spectral weight at q_{z}c=0 for any q_{||} but acquires sizable spectral weight at q_{z}c=2n pi with n \ne 0. Both w_{+-} modes are gapped at q_{||}=(0,0). When q_{z}c is away from 2n pi, the w_{+-} modes show striking behavior. When the intrabilayer hopping t_z is relatively small (large), the w_{-} (w_{+}) mode becomes gapless at q_{||}=(0,0) whereas the w_{+} (w_{-}) mode retains the gap. However, when the interbilayer hopping integral t_{z}' is taken into account, the gapless mode acquires a gap at q_{||}=(0,0) and both w_{+-} modes are gapped at any q_{z}c. To highlight the special feature of the LRC, we also clarify a difference to the case of a short-range interaction. While the strong electron correlation effects are not included, the present theory captures available data of the charge excitations observed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering for Y-based cuprate superconductors.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2411.13650 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. FIG. 1. Bilayer model. Each layer forms a square lattice and the hopping integrals are considered [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. FIG. 2. (a) Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FIG. 3. Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (15 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Intensity maps of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Intensity maps of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Intensity maps of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8. Intensity maps of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: (b) is the same plot but for q∥ = (0.05π, 0). As we have seen in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11. Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. Intensity maps of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15. Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16. Comparison with the plasmon energy (solid squares) reported in Y-based cuprate super [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_16.png]
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17. Intensity map of log [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_17.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: (a). This split comes from the difference of the effective interaction V (q) ± V+(q) as explained in Eq. (62), not from a small value of tz. In fact, the same split is present also for tz = 0 as shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_18.png]

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Forward citations

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

86 extracted references · 76 canonical work pages · cited by 2 Pith papers

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    The even and odd modes are selected by choosing qzd = 0 and π, respectively

    Non-interacting case for t ′ z = 0 We first consider the non-interacting charge susceptibility κ0(q, ω): κ0(q, ω) = 1 2 κ0 11(q, ω) + κ0 12(q, ω) + κ0 21(q, ω) + κ0 22(q, ω) (38) = cos2 qzd 2 κ0 even(q, ω) + sin2 qzd 2 κ0 odd(q, ω) , (39) where κ0 even(q, ω) = 1 N X k (g++ + g−−) , (40) κ0 odd(q, ω) = 1 N X k (g+− + g−+) , (41) and κ0 even(odd)(q, ω) is t...

  2. [2]

    Bilayer model with LRC fort ′ z=0 Next we introduce the LRC, which yields both intra- and interbilayer interactions, al- though the hopping along the z direction is restricted only within the intrabilayer. We then obtain κ(q, ω) = 1 det cos2 qzd 2 κ0 even(q, ω) + sin2 qzd 2 κ0 odd(q, ω) −κ0 even(q, ω)κ0 odd(q, ω)V ′′ (q) i , (42) 11 where det = 1 − (V (q)...

  3. [3]

    (42), we can still extract κ0 even and κ0 odd without t ′ z, even though they are not good quantities

    Bilayer model with LRC andt ′ z As shown in Eq. (42), we can still extract κ0 even and κ0 odd without t ′ z, even though they are not good quantities. However, once t ′ z is included, they are not extracted in a convenient way and we obtain: κ(q, ω) = κ0 11 + κ0 cos − [(κ0 11)2 − (κ0 cos)2 − (κ0 sin)2][V (q) − V ′ +(q)] det , (49) det = 1 − 2κ0 11V (q) − ...

  4. [4]

    The white dotted curve is the upper boundary of the particle-hole continuum excitations

    Overall features Figure 2(a) is the intensity map of Imκ(q, ω) along the symmetry directions ( π, π)-(0, 0)- (π, 0)-(π, π) as seen in the inset; qzc = π is taken. The white dotted curve is the upper boundary of the particle-hole continuum excitations. Note that low-energy continuum ex- citations are present even at q∥ = (0 , 0), because of a finite tz. In...

  5. [5]

    Maps of the spectral weight Having made sure of no charge ordering in the present model, we focus on collective charge excitations around q∥ = (0 , 0) realized above the upper boundary of the particle- hole excitations in Fig. 2. These are plasmon excitations characterized by two modes. Following Ref. [54], we may call the upper and lower branches as theω...

  6. [6]

    A smaller value of tz We have shown results at tz = 0 .1 and expect qualitatively similar results such as the vanishing of the ω− mode at qzc = 0 and the presence of the ω± mode for qzc ̸= 0 for other choices of tz. However, the spectral weight distribution may look different for a smaller tz and it may be worth presenting those results, because several l...

  7. [7]

    Maps of the spectral function are shown in Fig

    A large value of tz We also study a large value of tz for completeness. Maps of the spectral function are shown in Fig. 7 for a sequence of qzc. At qzc = 0 [Fig. 7(a)], only one mode is realized as in the case of Figs. 3(a) and 5(a). The spectral intensity at q∥ = (0, 0) is zero, indicating that it should be in-phase charge fluctuations between the two la...

    work page

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    3 – 8) imply that the gap of plasmon modes at q∥ ≈ (0, 0) depends on tz in a nontrivial way

    tz dependence of the gap atq∥ ≈ (0, 0) The results for tz = 0.01, 0.1, 0.25 (Figs. 3 – 8) imply that the gap of plasmon modes at q∥ ≈ (0, 0) depends on tz in a nontrivial way. We here clarify its tz dependence. Figure 9(a) is representative results for qzc = 2nπ with n being integer—note that only the ω+ mode is present at qzc = 0, as already shown in Fig...

    work page

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    Here we clarify the qzc dependence of the ω± modes

    qzc dependence So far we have chosen certain points of qzc. Here we clarify the qzc dependence of the ω± modes. Figure 10(a) shows results at q∥ = (0.02π, 0) for tz = 0.1. A white dotted line is the upper boundary of the particle-hole continuum. The ω+ mode is always realized ...

  2. [10]

    3(a)–(e) are shown in Figs

    Maps of the spectral weight Results corresponding to Figs. 3(a)–(e) are shown in Figs. 11(a)–(e) in the same condition except for a finite t ′ z = tz/2 = 0 .05. At qzc = 0 [Fig. 11(a)], only the ω+ mode is realized and the spectrum is essentially the same as Fig. 3(a), that is...

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    tz dependence of the gap atq∥ ≈ (0, 0) Next we clarify how the gap of the ω± modes at q∥ = (0, 0) evolves with tz and t ′ z(= tz/2). Figure 13(a) shows a representative result at qzc = 2nπ although the ω− mode vanishes at 28 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 ω 0.1 0.2 0.3tz ω −mode ω + mode (a) t...

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    14(a) and (b) at q∥ = (0.02π, 0) and (0.05π, 0), respectively

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