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Complex Langevin and boundary terms

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arxiv 1808.05187 v4 pith:RGT52XLA submitted 2018-08-15 hep-lat cond-mat.stat-mech

classification hep-latcond-mat.stat-mech
keywords boundarytermscomplexcorrectnesslangevinnearresultssimple
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As is well known the Complex Langevin (CL) method sometimes fails to converge or converges to the wrong limit. We identified one reason for this long ago: insufficient decay of the probability density either near infinity or near poles of the drift, leading to boundary terms that spoil the formal argument for correctness. To gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, we analyze the emergence of such boundary terms thoroughly in a simple model, where analytic results can be compared with numerics. We also show how some simple modification stabilizes the CL process in such a way that it can produce results agreeing with direct integration. Besides explicitly demonstrating the connection between boundary terms and correct convergence our analysis also suggests a correctness criterion which could be applied in realistic lattice simulations.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Designing weight regularizations based on Lefschetz thimbles to stabilize complex Langevin

    hep-lat 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A regularization inspired by Lefschetz thimbles stabilizes complex Langevin simulations in toy models, with a bias-correction step that restores the original expectation values.

  2. The Role of Integration Cycles in Complex Langevin Simulations

    hep-lat 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Complex Langevin results in one- and two-dimensional toy models match a linear combination of integration cycles when boundary terms vanish, and the kernel choice controls which cycles contribute.

  3. Diffusion models learn distributions generated by complex Langevin dynamics

    hep-lat 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Diffusion models reproduce the distributions sampled by complex Langevin dynamics in a Gaussian and a quartic toy model with complex mass.

  4. Combining complex Langevin dynamics with score-based and energy-based diffusion models

    hep-lat 2025-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Energy-based diffusion models trained on complex Langevin data produce an explicit energy function for the sampled distribution, enabling MCMC without re-simulation.

  5. Thermodynamic Diagnostics for Complex Langevin Simulations: The Role of Configurational Temperature

    hep-lat 2025-09 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Configurational temperature from action gradients and Hessians offers a sensitive new correctness diagnostic for complex Langevin simulations, reproducing input temperature to 0.2-3% in 1D PT-symmetric models.

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