Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 2 minor 50 references

Eulerian Motion Guidance: Robust Image Animation via Bidirectional Geometric Consistency

T0 review · 2 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-07-14 · grok-4.5

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

Pith's one-line read Short-hop Eulerian optical flow, with forward-backward occlusion masks, trains diffusion image animation faster and with fewer drift artifacts than flow from the first frame.

desk verdict The package is broken: abstract claims a CV animation method, but the full text is an unrelated hep-ph mass-extraction paper, so the Eulerian claims cannot be checked. read the letter →

arxiv 2605.06280 v5 pith:SC4LSGB3 submitted 2026-05-07 cs.CV

Thong Nguyen , Khoi M. Le , Cong-Duy Nguyen , Luu Anh Tuan , See-Kiong Ng , Chunyan Miao This is my paper · ORCID
classification cs.CV
keywords imageanimationdiffusionmodelsopticalflowEulerianmotionguidanceLagrangianbidirectionalgeometricconsistencyocclusionmaskingtemporalcoherence
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Controllable image animation with diffusion models usually steers motion using Lagrangian optical flow measured from the initial frame. This paper argues that the same flow primitive works better when it is applied locally: each step is guided by the motion field between adjacent frames (Eulerian guidance), so every training signal is a short temporal hop with bounded error and training can be parallelized. Drift that normally appears when generating frame-to-frame is addressed by Bidirectional Geometric Consistency, a forward-backward cycle check that flags and masks occluded regions so the model is not trained on invalid warps. Experiments claim faster training, stronger temporal coherence, and fewer dynamic artifacts than reference-based baselines. A sympathetic reader would care because the work reframes a standard motion cue as local supervision plus geometric masking, offering a practical path to more stable long animations without changing the underlying optical-flow representation.

What carries the argument

Eulerian motion guidance (optical flow always between neighboring frames) plus Bidirectional Geometric Consistency (forward-backward cycle consistency that identifies and masks occluded regions so incorrect warping objectives are not learned).

What would settle it

Train the same diffusion animator under identical data and compute budget with Lagrangian reference-frame flow versus Eulerian adjacent-frame flow plus the bidirectional mask; if long-horizon animations still show equal or worse drift, temporal incoherence, or slower convergence under the Eulerian setup, the central claim fails.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The lattice-like non-monotonicity problem in animation is recast as a supervision design problem: guiding a diffusion animator with adjacent-frame Eulerian motion fields, and masking occlusions via a forward-backward geometric cycle check, yields bounded-error training signals, enables parallel training, and reduces cumulative drift relative to Lagrangian flow from a fixed reference frame.

Load-bearing premise

That short-hop Eulerian flow plus a forward-backward occlusion mask is a complete enough motion signal for long animations, so local bounded error and masking truly stop cumulative drift without discarding needed motion.

Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The submission is titled and abstracted as a computer-vision paper on image animation with diffusion models. It claims that replacing Lagrangian (first-frame) optical-flow guidance with adjacent-frame Eulerian motion fields enables parallelized training and bounded-error supervision, and that a Bidirectional Geometric Consistency (forward–backward cycle) mask removes occluded regions so the model does not learn incorrect warps. The abstract asserts faster training, better temporal coherence, and fewer dynamic artifacts than reference-based baselines, with code promised at a project page. The body of the provided manuscript, however, is an unrelated high-energy-physics article on π±–ρ± mixing and four mass-extraction schemes in the NJL model in a magnetic field (rest-mass, local bosonization, direct Landau-projected determinant, near-pole expansion). No diffusion models, optical flow, animation pipeline, BGC algorithm, or CV experiments appear in the full text.

Significance. If the abstract’s claims were supported by a matching manuscript—with a clear Eulerian guidance formulation, a correct occlusion-masking construction, and controlled ablations against Lagrangian baselines—the work would be a useful systems contribution to controllable image animation, especially on training efficiency and long-horizon drift. As packaged, that contribution cannot be assessed: the load-bearing technical content for the claimed result is absent, so the significance of the CV claim remains unevaluable.

major comments (2)
  1. Title/abstract vs. full text: the manuscript body is a hep-ph paper on charged-meson mass extraction in magnetic fields (Secs. I–X, Eqs. (1)–(70), Figs. 1–10, Appendices A–C), not a cs.CV paper on Eulerian motion guidance. There are no definitions of Eulerian vs. Lagrangian flow for diffusion guidance, no Bidirectional Geometric Consistency algorithm, no training objective, and no animation experiments. The central claim of the abstract is therefore unsupported by the submitted body and cannot be reviewed as stated.
  2. Because the body does not implement or evaluate the claimed method, every load-bearing premise in the abstract—bounded local error of short-hop Eulerian fields, correctness of the forward–backward cycle mask, parallel training, and reported gains over Lagrangian baselines—has no equations, algorithms, ablations, metrics, or figures to check. A resubmission with the correct manuscript is required before scientific review is possible.
minor comments (2)
  1. Even on the abstract alone, the project URL is given but no paper-internal pointer to datasets, baselines, or quantitative tables is available in the package, so reproducibility cannot be checked from the submission as received.
  2. Internal arXiv-style stamp in the body (2605.06271-class hep-ph content) conflicts with the stated paper_id 2605.06280 (cs.CV), which should be corrected if this was a packaging error rather than a wrong PDF.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity: four mass-extraction schemes are independently evaluated from a shared NJL kernel matched only to vacuum data and the experimental ρ→πγ width.

full rationale

The manuscript is a comparative study. All four schemes (rest-mass RPA pole, local bosonized derivative expansion, Landau-projected determinant, near-pole quasiparticle expansion) start from the identical microscopic quadratic kernel of the SU(2) NJL model plus a single gauge-invariant tree-level mixing operator whose vacuum strength is fixed once by the experimental partial width Γ(ρ± oπ±γ)≃0.068 MeV. The magnetic-field dependence of the lowest charged mode is then obtained by solving the respective pole conditions (det K=0 or the canonically normalized two-level system) without any refitting to the lattice turnover. Lattice data appear only as an external qualitative benchmark. The self-citation to the author’s prior work [40] supplies motivation for the mixing mechanism but is not invoked as a uniqueness theorem that forces the present hierarchy of schemes; that hierarchy is demonstrated by explicit, independent calculation of residues, Landau projections and local coefficients. No quantity is defined in terms of the target non-monotonic curve, no parameter is fitted to a subset of the B-dependence and then re-presented as a prediction, and no ansatz is smuggled in via citation. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained and non-circular.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 1 invented entities

Only the abstract of the titled paper is available; the full text is a mismatched physics manuscript. Free parameters, model axioms, and invented entities for Eulerian Motion Guidance cannot be extracted from equations or experiments. Ledger entries below are limited to what the abstract itself commits to as load-bearing design choices.

assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption Optical flow between adjacent frames is a valid and sufficient motion control signal for multi-frame diffusion animation when combined with occlusion masking.
    Core methodological premise of the abstract; not derived, assumed as the supervision design.
  • domain assumption Forward-backward cycle inconsistency identifies occluded regions that should be masked from the warping objective.
    Standard geometric idea in optical flow; treated as mathematically identifying incorrect warping targets.
  • ad hoc to paper Short temporal hops yield bounded-error supervision and enable parallelized training relative to first-frame Lagrangian flow.
    Central claimed advantage; asserted without proof or numbers in the available abstract.
invented entities (1)
  • Bidirectional Geometric Consistency (BGC) mechanism
    purpose: Mask occluded regions via forward-backward cycle check so the model does not learn incorrect warps.
    Named mechanism in the abstract; independent evidence not assessable without methods/results section of the correct paper.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Eulerian Motion Guidance: Robust Image Animation via Bidirectional Geometric Consistency." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/SC4LSGB3

@misc{pith2026260506280,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Eulerian Motion Guidance: Robust Image Animation via Bidirectional Geometric Consistency},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/SC4LSGB3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2605.06280}
}
read the original abstract

Recent advancements in image animation have utilized diffusion models to breathe life into static images. However, existing controllable frameworks typically rely on Lagrangian motion guidance, where optical flow is estimated relative to the initial frame. This paper revisits the same optical-flow primitive through a more local supervision design: we use adjacent-frame Eulerian motion fields to guide generation, where the motion signal always describes a short temporal hop. This shift enables parallelized training and provides bounded-error supervision throughout the generation process. To mitigate the drift artifacts common in adjacent frame generation, we introduce a Bidirectional Geometric Consistency mechanism, which computes a forward-backward cycle check to mathematically identify and mask occluded regions, preventing the model from learning incorrect warping objectives. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach accelerates training, preserves temporal coherence, and reduces dynamic artifacts compared to reference-based baselines. The code, model, and data have been made available at https://nguyentthong.github.io/eulerian/

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.06280 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Long-horizon qualitative comparison. We show the reference image and generated frames at view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Eulerian Motion Guidance with Bidirectional Geometric Consistency. Given a reference image and sparse motion view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Occlusion masking from bidirectional cycle energy. view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (7 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Qualitative comparison with ImageConductor [
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Qualitative comparison on keypoint-based animation. We compare our Eulerian Motion Guidance against the state-of
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Qualitative ablation of geometric consistency. We compare training with (a) no consistency enforcement, (b) forward
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Training Efficiency Analysis. comparison of per
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Robustness to Large Displacement. We compare
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Extended Qualitative Evaluation on Landmark
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Extended Qualitative Evaluation on Landmark [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_9.png]

Review history (5 revisions) →

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

50 extracted references

  1. [1]

    Rubinstein

    Dario Grasso and Hector R. Rubinstein. Magnetic fields in the early universe.Phys. Rept., 348:163–266, 2001. 26

    2001

  2. [2]

    Cosmological Magnetic Fields: Their Generation, Evolution and Observation.Astron

    Ruth Durrer and Andrii Neronov. Cosmological Magnetic Fields: Their Generation, Evolution and Observation.Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 21:62, 2013

    2013

  3. [3]

    Efficient magnetic-field amplification due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in binary neutron star mergers.Phys

    Kenta Kiuchi, Pablo Cerd´ a-Dur´ an, Koutarou Kyutoku, Yuichiro Sekiguchi, and Masaru Shibata. Efficient magnetic-field amplification due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in binary neutron star mergers.Phys. Rev. D, 92(12):124034, 2015

    2015

  4. [4]

    Skokov, A

    V. Skokov, A. Yu. Illarionov, and V. Toneev. Estimate of the magnetic field strength in heavy-ion collisions.Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 24:5925–5932, 2009

    2009

  5. [5]

    Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions.Phys

    Wei-Tian Deng and Xu-Guang Huang. Event-by-event generation of electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions.Phys. Rev. C, 85:044907, 2012

    2012

  6. [6]

    Kharzeev, Larry D

    Dmitri E. Kharzeev, Larry D. McLerran, and Harmen J. Warringa. The Effects of topological charge change in heavy ion collisions: ’Event by event P and CP violation’.Nucl. Phys. A, 803:227–253, 2008

    2008

  7. [7]

    Kharzeev and Dam T

    Dmitri E. Kharzeev and Dam T. Son. Testing the chiral magnetic and chiral vortical effects in heavy ion collisions.Phys. Rev. Lett., 106:062301, 2011

    2011

  8. [8]

    Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents and directed flow in heavy ion collisions.Phys

    Umut Gursoy, Dmitri Kharzeev, and Krishna Rajagopal. Magnetohydrodynamics, charged currents and directed flow in heavy ion collisions.Phys. Rev. C, 89(5):054905, 2014

    2014

Show all 50 references
  1. [9]

    V. P. Gusynin, V. A. Miransky, and I. A. Shovkovy. Dimensional reduction and catalysis of dynamical symmetry breaking by a magnetic field.Nucl. Phys. B, 462:249–290, 1996

    1996

  2. [10]

    Kharzeev and Ho-Ung Yee

    Dmitri E. Kharzeev and Ho-Ung Yee. Chiral Magnetic Wave.Phys. Rev. D, 83:085007, 2011

    2011

  3. [11]

    G. S. Bali, F. Bruckmann, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz, and A. Schafer. QCD quark condensate in external magnetic fields.Phys. Rev. D, 86:071502, 2012

    2012

  4. [12]

    Phase structure of three flavor QCD in external magnetic fields using HISQ fermions.PoS, LATTICE2018:163, 2019

    Akio Tomiya, Heng-Tong Ding, Xiao-Dan Wang, Yu Zhang, Swagato Mukherjee, and Christian Schmidt. Phase structure of three flavor QCD in external magnetic fields using HISQ fermions.PoS, LATTICE2018:163, 2019

    2019

  5. [13]

    G. S. Bali, F. Bruckmann, G. Endr¨ odi, S. D. Katz, and A. Sch¨ afer. The QCD equation of state in background magnetic fields.JHEP, 08:177, 2014

    2014

  6. [14]

    G. S. Bali, F. Bruckmann, M. Constantinou, M. Costa, G. Endrodi, S. D. Katz, H. Panagopoulos, and A. Schafer. Magnetic susceptibility of QCD at zero and at finite temperature from the lattice.Phys. Rev. D, 86:094512, 2012

    2012

  7. [15]

    Miransky and Igor A

    Vladimir A. Miransky and Igor A. Shovkovy. Quantum field theory in a magnetic field: From quantum chromodynamics to graphene and Dirac semimetals.Phys. Rept., 576:1–209, 2015

    2015

  8. [16]

    Magnetic Catalysis Versus Magnetic Inhibition.Phys

    Kenji Fukushima and Yoshimasa Hidaka. Magnetic Catalysis Versus Magnetic Inhibition.Phys. Rev. Lett., 110(3):031601, 2013

    2013

  9. [17]

    Andersen, William R

    Jens O. Andersen, William R. Naylor, and Anders Tranberg. Phase diagram of QCD in a magnetic field: A review.Rev. Mod. Phys., 88:025001, 2016

    2016

  10. [18]

    G. S. Bali, F. Bruckmann, G. Endrodi, Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz, S. Krieg, A. Schafer, and K. K. Szabo. The QCD phase diagram for external magnetic fields.JHEP, 02:044, 2012

    2012

  11. [19]

    E. M. Ilgenfritz, M. Muller-Preussker, B. Petersson, and A. Schreiber. Magnetic catalysis (and inverse catalysis) at finite temperature in two-color lattice QCD.Phys. Rev. D, 89(5):054512, 2014

    2014

  12. [20]

    H. T. Ding, S. T. Li, A. Tomiya, X. D. Wang, and Y. Zhang. Chiral properties of (2+1)-flavor QCD in strong magnetic fields at zero temperature.Phys. Rev. D, 104(1):014505, 2021

    2021

  13. [21]

    Meson masses in external magnetic fields with HISQ fermions.PoS, LATTICE2019:250, 2020

    Heng-Tong Ding, Sheng-Tai Li, Swagato Mukherjee, Akio Tomiya, and Xiao-Dan Wang. Meson masses in external magnetic fields with HISQ fermions.PoS, LATTICE2019:250, 2020

    2020

  14. [22]

    Chiral Properties of (2+1)-Flavor QCD in Magnetic Fields at Zero Temperature

    Heng-Tong Ding and Dan Zhang. Chiral Properties of (2+1)-Flavor QCD in Magnetic Fields at Zero Temperature. 1 2026

    2026

  15. [23]

    Four fermion interaction model in a constant magnetic field at finite temperature and chemical potential.Prog

    Tomohiro Inagaki, Daiji Kimura, and Tsukasa Murata. Four fermion interaction model in a constant magnetic field at finite temperature and chemical potential.Prog. Theor. Phys., 111:371–386, 2004

    2004

  16. [24]

    Inverse Magnetic Catalysis in the three-flavor NJL model with axial-vector interaction.Phys

    Lang Yu, Jos Van Doorsselaere, and Mei Huang. Inverse Magnetic Catalysis in the three-flavor NJL model with axial-vector interaction.Phys. Rev. D, 91(7):074011, 2015

    2015

  17. [25]

    Fayazbakhsh and N

    Sh. Fayazbakhsh and N. Sadooghi. Anomalous magnetic moment of hot quarks, inverse magnetic catalysis, and reentrance of the chiral symmetry broken phase.Phys. Rev. D, 90(10):105030, 2014

    2014

  18. [26]

    Coppola, D

    M. Coppola, D. G´ omez Dumm, and N. N. Scoccola. Charged pion masses under strong magnetic fields in the NJL model. Phys. Lett. B, 782:155–161, 2018

    2018

  19. [27]

    Coppola, D

    M. Coppola, D. Gomez Dumm, S. Noguera, and N. N. Scoccola. Neutral and charged pion properties under strong magnetic fields in the NJL model.Phys. Rev. D, 100(5):054014, 2019

    2019

  20. [28]

    Effect of the anomalous magnetic moment of quarks on the phase structure and mesonic properties in the NJL model.Phys

    Nilanjan Chaudhuri, Snigdha Ghosh, Sourav Sarkar, and Pradip Roy. Effect of the anomalous magnetic moment of quarks on the phase structure and mesonic properties in the NJL model.Phys. Rev. D, 99(11):116025, 2019

    2019

  21. [29]

    Chiral dynamics in a magnetic field from the functional renormalization group.JHEP, 03:009, 2014

    Kazuhiko Kamikado and Takuya Kanazawa. Chiral dynamics in a magnetic field from the functional renormalization group.JHEP, 03:009, 2014

    2014

  22. [30]

    Kiminad A. Mamo. Inverse magnetic catalysis in holographic models of QCD.JHEP, 05:121, 2015

    2015

  23. [31]

    Inverse Magnetic Catalysis in the Soft-Wall Model of AdS/QCD

    Danning Li, Mei Huang, Yi Yang, and Pei-Hung Yuan. Inverse Magnetic Catalysis in the Soft-Wall Model of AdS/QCD. JHEP, 02:030, 2017

    2017

  24. [32]

    Charged and neutral vectorρmesons in a magnetic field.Phys

    Hao Liu, Lang Yu, and Mei Huang. Charged and neutral vectorρmesons in a magnetic field.Phys. Rev. D, 91(1):014017, 2015

    2015

  25. [33]

    Spectral properties ofρmeson in a magnetic field.Phys

    Snigdha Ghosh, Arghya Mukherjee, Mahatsab Mandal, Sourav Sarkar, and Pradip Roy. Spectral properties ofρmeson in a magnetic field.Phys. Rev. D, 94(9):094043, 2016

    2016

  26. [34]

    Vector meson masses from a hidden local symmetry in a constant magnetic field.Phys

    Mamiya Kawaguchi and Shinya Matsuzaki. Vector meson masses from a hidden local symmetry in a constant magnetic field.Phys. Rev. D, 93(12):125027, 2016

    2016

  27. [35]

    Avancini, M´ aximo Coppola, Norberto N

    Sidney S. Avancini, M´ aximo Coppola, Norberto N. Scoccola, and Joana C. Sodr´ e. Light pseudoscalar meson masses under 27 strong magnetic fields within the SU(3) Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model.Phys. Rev. D, 104(9):094040, 2021

    2021

  28. [36]

    J. P. Carlomagno, D. Gomez Dumm, M. F. Izzo Villafa˜ ne, S. Noguera, and N. N. Scoccola. Charged pseudoscalar and vector meson masses in strong magnetic fields in an extended NJL model.Phys. Rev. D, 106(9):094035, 2022

    2022

  29. [37]

    Scoccola

    M´ aximo Coppola, Daniel Gomez Dumm, Santiago Noguera, and Norberto N. Scoccola. Masses of magnetized pseudoscalar and vector mesons in an extended NJL model: The role of axial vector mesons.Phys. Rev. D, 109(5):054014, 2024

    2024

  30. [38]

    Functional renormalization group study of neutral and charged pions in magnetic fields in the quark-meson model.Phys

    Rui Wen, Shi Yin, Wei-jie Fu, and Mei Huang. Functional renormalization group study of neutral and charged pions in magnetic fields in the quark-meson model.Phys. Rev. D, 108(7):076020, 2023

    2023

  31. [39]

    Inverse magnetic catalysis effect and current quark mass effect on mass spectra and Mott transitions of pions under external magnetic field.Phys

    Luyang Li and Shijun Mao. Inverse magnetic catalysis effect and current quark mass effect on mass spectra and Mott transitions of pions under external magnetic field.Phys. Rev. D, 108(5):054001, 2023

    2023

  32. [40]

    Residue-Enhanced Pion-Rho Mixing as the Origin of Nonmonotonic Charged Pion Mass in Magnetic Fields

    Ziyue Wang. Residue-Enhanced Pion-Rho Mixing as the Origin of Nonmonotonic Charged Pion Mass in Magnetic Fields. 2 2026

    2026

  33. [41]

    S. P. Klevansky. The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model of quantum chromodynamics.Rev. Mod. Phys., 64:649–708, 1992

    1992

  34. [42]

    QCD phenomenology based on a chiral effective Lagrangian.Phys

    Tetsuo Hatsuda and Teiji Kunihiro. QCD phenomenology based on a chiral effective Lagrangian.Phys. Rept., 247:221–367, 1994

    1994

  35. [43]

    Avancini, Ricardo L

    Sidney S. Avancini, Ricardo L. S. Farias, William R. Tavares, and Varese S. Tim´ oteo. Magnetized pole-mass of neutralρ meson within full RPA evaluation.Nucl. Phys. B, 981:115862, 2022

    2022

  36. [44]

    Meson properties in magnetized quark matter.Phys

    Ziyue Wang and Pengfei Zhuang. Meson properties in magnetized quark matter.Phys. Rev. D, 97(3):034026, 2018

    2018

  37. [45]

    Gauge independence of pion masses in a magnetic field within the Nambu–Jona- Lasinio model.Phys

    Jianing Li, Gaoqing Cao, and Lianyi He. Gauge independence of pion masses in a magnetic field within the Nambu–Jona- Lasinio model.Phys. Rev. D, 104(7):074026, 2021

    2021

  38. [46]

    Gomez Dumm, S

    D. Gomez Dumm, S. Noguera, and N. N. Scoccola. Charged meson masses under strong magnetic fields: Gauge invariance and Schwinger phases.Phys. Rev. D, 108(1):016012, 2023

    2023

  39. [47]

    Zhen-Ni Xu, Zhao-Qian Yao, Si-Xue Qin, Zhu-Fang Cui, and Craig D. Roberts. Bethe–Salpeter kernel and properties of strange-quark mesons.Eur. Phys. J. A, 59(3):39, 2023

    2023

  40. [48]

    Effective field theory of particle mixing.Phys

    Shuyang Cao and Daniel Boyanovsky. Effective field theory of particle mixing.Phys. Rev. D, 109(3):036038, 2024

    2024

  41. [49]

    Vogl and W

    U. Vogl and W. Weise. The Nambu and Jona Lasinio model: Its implications for hadrons and nuclei.Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys., 27:195–272, 1991

    1991

  42. [50]

    Schwinger

    Julian S. Schwinger. On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization.Phys. Rev., 82:664–679, 1951

    1951

Pith tools

Reviewed July 14, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.