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REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 120 references

Vector-aligned spin-polarized D-T fuel could raise tokamak fusion power three- to fourfold by making fusion-born alphas amplify the very waves that channel their energy to the ions.

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Vector-aligned spin-polarized D-T fuel keeps its perpendicular alpha birth bias through slowing-down, raises alpha-channeling efficiency ~1.5x, and projects 2-4x fusion-power gains if high-efficiency channeling waves are achievable.

T0 review reviewed 2026-08-01 challenge →

load-bearing objection Perpendicular alpha birth from spin-polarized fuel gives a robust ~1.5x channeling-efficiency advantage; the headline 3-4x fusion gains rest on assumed efficiencies the paper's own solvers do not reproduce. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.25313 v1 pith:TKCCRWLB submitted 2026-07-28 physics.plasm-ph

Enhanced alpha channeling with spin-polarized fuel

J. F. Parisi , A. Diallo , J. W. S. Cook This is my paper
classification physics.plasm-ph PACS 52.55.Fa
keywords spin-polarized fuelalpha channelingD-T fusionpopulation inversionvelocity-space anisotropyperpendicular energyhelium ash exhausttritium burn efficiency
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper argues that aligning the nuclear spins of deuterium and tritium fuel does more than raise the fusion cross section: vector-aligned fuel emits 3.5 MeV alphas preferentially perpendicular to the magnetic field, and electron drag slows these alphas without randomizing their pitch, so the steady-state alpha distribution develops a population inversion (∂f/∂v⊥>0) over a broad region of velocity space. In that region alphas can drive a suitably tuned channeling wave rather than damp it, which the authors calculate raises channeling efficiency by a factor of about 1.5 at matched wave parameters. Combined with the cross-section boost and the temperature feedback from extra ion heating, the authors' transport model gives fusion power enhancements of 3.4–4.0x at assumed channeling efficiencies of 0.5–0.7, and 2.2x in a profile-resolved model of a compact high-field tokamak. Channeling also ejects helium ash to the divertor, roughly halving core helium at fixed pumping and easing the tritium-burn-efficiency tradeoff. The paper's most robust quantity is the channeling-efficiency ratio A_η≈1.5 between aligned and unpolarized fuel, which survives across single-wave, multi-wave, and orbit calculations.

Core claim

Vector-aligned spin-polarized D-T fuel has a birth alpha distribution W∝sin²θ, giving a cross-section factor A_J=3/2 and a perpendicular-to-parallel energy ratio A_α=2. The paper's central discovery is that this birth anisotropy persists through the electron-drag phase of slowing down—the survival factor stays near unity from 3.5 MeV down to about 1 MeV because electrons drain energy but barely deflect—so the steady-state distribution, not just the birth shell, is population-inverted: ∂f/∂v⊥>0 over roughly 46% of the occupied velocity space. As a result the wave amplification condition along the channeling path, which is negative everywhere for unpolarized fuel, turns positive for vector-ali

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the spin-controlled birth distribution of alphas and its collisional fate. Vector alignment imposes W∝sin²θ and A_α=2; the competition between drag (which preserves pitch) and pitch-angle scattering (which destroys it) is summarized by the survival factor exp(−∫ 3ν_d/(ν_s v′) dv′), which keeps the anisotropy almost intact from birth to ~1 MeV because alphas spend most of their slowing time above the critical energy E_c≈0.68 MeV. That persistence converts the steady-state alpha distribution into a population inversion, ∂f/∂v⊥>0, which flips the sign of the standard resonant wave-growth condition, turning wave damping into possible wave drive. The organizing quantita

Load-bearing premise

The factor-of-three-to-four power gain assumes that a channeling wave can be made to extract and deliver roughly half or more of the total alpha power to the ions (η_ch≈0.5–0.7); the paper's own single-wave velocity-space calculation yields only about 0.09, so if η_ch stays near 0.1 the enhancement falls to about 2.

What would settle it

Measure the pitch-resolved steady-state alpha distribution in a vector-aligned D-T plasma by collective Thomson scattering near the 1–3.5 MeV range: the paper predicts ∂f/∂v⊥>0 over about half the occupied velocity space and a positive wave-amplification integral at the first cyclotron harmonic. If the measured distribution decreases monotonically with v⊥, or a launched perpendicular-resonant wave is observed to damp while the calculation says it should be driven, the central claim is falsified.

Watch this falsifier. Get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

If this is right

  • If vector-aligned spin-polarized fuel works as calculated, a D-T tokamak gets a ~1.5x cross-section boost and a ~1.5x channeling-efficiency boost simultaneously, so the two techniques multiply rather than add.
  • At assumed channeling efficiencies of 50–70%, fusion power density rises 3.4–4.0x over the unpolarized, unchanneled baseline at fixed density; a profile-resolved compact-tokamak model gives 2.2x and a roughly 2.6x increase in net electric power.
  • Because channeling ejects alphas radially as it extracts their energy, core helium fraction roughly halves at fixed divertor pumping, and a divertor pump several times less selective for helium can hold the same core dilution.
  • The alphas' perpendicular bias raises T_i/T_e and, through the ion-temperature-gradient critical-gradient upshift with T_i/T_e, can push the plasma into a hot-ion mode, raising the zero-dimensional enhancement to about 4.7 (the paper treats this as illustrative, not a prediction).
  • The same physics extends to D-3He, where all fusion energy is charged: polarization lowers the channeling threshold for self-heated operation by a factor of about nine, and the paper notes p-11B may behave similarly.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the relative gain A_η≈1.5 is the paper's durable conclusion, the practical path changes: the engineering challenge shifts from maximizing absolute channeling efficiency to preserving fuel polarization long enough for the alphas to use it, since polarization is what converts a marginal channeling wave into an amplifying one.
  • The sign of the wave drive is polarization-controlled: vector alignment drives perpendicular-resonant waves, tensor (parallel) alignment drives Landau-resonant waves, and unpolarized fuel damps both in the core. That suggests using a launched probe wave as an in situ polarization diagnostic, and using the polarization state as a design parameter to match whatever wave class a reactor can launch.
  • Because the effect depends only on the magnetic field direction and collisions, the same anisotropic emission should matter for any confinement concept with alpha channeling—stellarators with quasi-isodynamic symmetry, mirrors, and even levitated dipoles—not just tokamaks; the paper notes this qualitatively, but the quantitative study is tokamak-specific.
  • A near-term experiment could test the inversion without a Q>1 reactor: a D-D or D-3He plasma with spin-aligned fuel produces anisotropic fusion products at much lower power, and measuring their velocity distribution or the damping/growth of a resonant wave would check the ∂f/∂v⊥>0 prediction directly.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. The paper proposes that spin-polarized deuterium-tritium fuel enhances alpha channeling in two ways: the cross-section boost increases the alpha source, and the vector-aligned spin state produces a perpendicular-biased alpha birth distribution whose anisotropy survives slowing down and creates a broad velocity-space population inversion (∂f/∂v⊥>0). The authors derive an analytic persistence integral (Eq. 11), an analytic inversion boundary (Eq. 13), and use a quasilinear Fokker-Planck solver to compute the channeling efficiency. They report a relative efficiency factor Aη≈1.47 for vector-aligned versus unpolarized fuel at a fixed single wave, and use a zero-dimensional burn model plus an ARC-class profile-resolved transport model to project fusion-power enhancements up to 2.2 at the computed single-wave efficiency and 3.4–4.0 at assumed channeling efficiencies ηch=0.5–0.7. They also analyze helium-ash exhaust, hot-ion-mode feedback, D-3He extensions, and divertor pumping.

Significance. If the relative efficiency factor Aη≈1.5 is robust, this is a genuinely new constructive use of spin polarization: it changes the sign of the alpha wave drive in the core over a broad velocity region and could turn a channeling wave from a damped to an amplifying mode. The paper's analytic persistence and inversion calculations are transparent, and the velocity-space solver is a useful step beyond earlier estimates. The authors are also unusually explicit about their assumptions and limitations. However, the headline 3.4–4.0x power enhancements are not derived: they are obtained by inserting heuristic values of ηch that the paper itself labels as not rigorously derived, and the paper's own single-wave solver returns ηch≈0.09. The robust relative factor Aη is therefore the paper's real result, and it should be presented as such rather than as part of an absolute prediction.

major comments (3)
  1. [Section V.A, Table II, Appendices E and F] The headline power enhancements (3.4x at ηch=0.5, 4.0x at ηch=0.7) are load-bearing on assumed channeling efficiencies that the paper does not derive. Section V.A states these values are 'heuristic rather than rigorously derived'; the velocity-space solver of Appendix F returns ηch≈0.09 for a single wave; and the reduced wave-kinetic solver of Appendix E reaches the adopted εw=0.625 only when the wave drive exceeds collisions by a factor of ten. At the computed single-wave efficiency, Table II gives 2.2 rather than 3.4–4.0. Since the abstract and Figure 2 present the 3–4x range as a central quantitative outcome, the absolute claim needs either a self-consistent derivation of ηch for the relevant multi-wave schemes or a clear relabeling of Table II and Figure 2 as an upper-bound scan.
  2. [Section V.A, Appendix G, Figure 12] The relative factor Aη≈1.5 is scheme-dependent. The collisionless orbit Monte Carlo of Appendix G gives Aη=0.8 for the two-wave scheme at its isotropic-fuel tuning and Aη=1.15 for the wave designed for coverage; only the tip-selective wave reaches 1.5. The text argues that high ηch requires multi-harmonic or broadband schemes and then assumes the single-wave Aη persists, but Appendix G shows that assumption is not generally true. Since a reader cannot both rely on Aη≈1.5 and on the multi-wave schemes needed to make ηch large, the claim that polarization raises channeling efficiency needs to be restricted to the specific wave designs for which it is computed, or the discrepancy must be reconciled.
  3. [Section VIII, Appendices A, E, F] The paper's own caveat in Section VIII—'our calculations do not share a single wave channeling scheme'—is central. The drive calculation (Appendix A), the delivery-efficiency model (Appendix E), and the extraction solver (Appendix F) use different wave parameters and different physics, so no single wave is shown to be simultaneously amplified by the anisotropic alphas, efficient at extraction, and damped on fuel ions. The integrated mechanism that the paper claims is therefore not demonstrated end-to-end. This is a self-identified limitation, but it directly affects the central claim and should be addressed, at minimum by showing that the three roles can be satisfied by one wave, or by reframing the paper as establishing separate necessary ingredients.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Abstract and Section I] There is a formatting/typo issue: 'population inversion of the bulk alpha distributionf, with∂f /∂v ⊥ >0' lacks a space around 'distribution' and 'f'. Please fix.
  2. [Figure 2] The two x-axes are both labeled ηch but refer to different fuels (lower: unpolarized, upper: vector-aligned). Please clarify in the caption that the upper axis is 1.47 times the lower axis, and that the mapping is not a free parameter.
  3. [Section V.C] The polarization-scaled channeling path ηch=εwE⊥ used for Figure 13 is an assumption (scaling εw with the alphas' free energy) that vanishes at p=0. This is stated, but it would help to show how the Figure 13 landscape changes if εw is kept fixed at low polarization, since an externally driven wave would not necessarily lose all delivery efficiency at p=0.
  4. [Appendix E] The parasitic absorption fraction ζ=0.25 is held fixed in the delivery-efficiency scan (Figure 25). Since ζ directly enters Equation (E2), a brief sensitivity note or a curve for ζ=0.1–0.5 would strengthen the error budget.
  5. [Section VI, Equation (36)] The ITG threshold scaling R/L_Ti ∝ 1+Ti/Te is extrapolated beyond its validated range, as the text acknowledges. This is acceptable for a heuristic model, but the abstract and Section VI should not present the ν=2 branch (Ti up to 94 keV) as a realistic prediction without the caveat that the model is already faded above β=10%.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: the Aeta~1.47 channeling factor is solved from a quasilinear Fokker-Planck model rather than inserted, and the absolute power multipliers are explicitly parametric in assumed eta_ch.

full rationale

The derivation chain is not circular. The central new result, the channeling-efficiency factor Aeta~1.47 for vector-aligned over unpolarized fuel, comes from solving the steady-state quasilinear Fokker-Planck equation (Appendix F) with the polarization-dependent birth source W(xi)/A_J from Eq. (2) and a specified cyclotron-harmonic wave operator; the output is not used to define the input. The same solver returns single-wave eta_ch~0.09, and the paper explicitly labels the larger eta_ch=0.5 and 0.7 used in Table II as 'heuristic rather than rigorously derived' and cites external simulations [18,55] for the range; therefore the 3.4-4.0x table entries are parametric scans, not fitted inputs disguised as predictions. The burn model's 'roughly doubles' result is explicitly a calibration ('a choice that sets the operating point rather than predicting the doubling'). The main self-citations ([26],[46],[87]) support background or conditional caveats: [26] is invoked for the no-depolarization condition, but the sentence immediately states it 'remains to be demonstrated experimentally' and the physics of persistence/inversion is independently computed in Appendices A and F. Appendix G's orbit Monte Carlo is expressly collisionless and does 'not check that a real wave would follow that path', a caveat that weakens the efficiency estimate but does not make it circular. Consequently no equation or parameter reduces by construction to the result being claimed; the score reflects only minor non-load-bearing self-citation and the paper's own acknowledged conditional assumptions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

7 free parameters · 6 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central relative result Aη≈1.5 is computed from velocity-space physics with few free parameters. The quantitative fusion-power projections, however, rest on several adopted or calibrated parameters: ηch, εw, τash, ζ, the 0-D burn-model normalization, and the ARC critical-gradient calibration. No new physical entities are introduced.

free parameters (7)
  • channeling efficiency ηch = 0.5 (vector-aligned), 0.3 (tensor), 0.7 (literature-scale)
    Adopted from prior channeling simulations, not derived in this paper; used in Eq. (14) and Table II for the headline 3.4-4.0x enhancements. The paper's own velocity-space solver yields ηch≈0.09 for a single wave, so these higher values assume multi-wave/broadband schemes.
  • delivery efficiency εw = 0.625
    Assumed in Section V.A; the reduced wave-kinetic solver of Appendix E gives 0.1-0.5 and reaches 0.625 only when wave drive exceeds collisions by a factor of ten.
  • core helium residence time τash = 2.5 τE
    Chosen so the standard operating point has nash/ne≈2%; this strongly affects helium dilution, TBE tradeoffs, and the ash-exhaust benefits in Eqs. (22)-(35).
  • parasitic wave absorption fraction ζ = 0.25
    Assumed electron-Landau parasitic absorption relative to useful ion deposition in Appendix E; enters εw and the current-drive estimate in Appendix I.
  • nominal transport enrichment ηHe^(0) = 1
    Set in Section V.D for the helium enrichment analysis; the TBE improvements from channeling scale with this choice.
  • 0-D burn model calibration (τ0=1 s, Pref=1 MW/m3, degradation exponent 0.69) = IPB98(y,2) scaling applied locally
    The authors state they set parameters so the 50% cross-section enhancement 'roughly doubles' fusion power; this is an operating-point calibration, not a prediction, but it sets all enhancement ratios in Table II.
  • ARC critical-gradient profiles and χ0 = z_s,crit(ρ) and χ0 calibrated to V3A design
    Integrated transport model of Section VII is calibrated to reproduce the published V3A profiles; the stiffness response is then held fixed while scanning polarization and ηch, controlling the 2.0-2.2 enhancement range.
axioms (6)
  • domain assumption D-T spin-polarization emission formula W(θ) and cross-section factor A_J=1+ab/2 (Eq. 2, from Kulsrud et al.)
    Central input from the nuclear physics literature; the anisotropy and cross-section boost used throughout come from this formula.
  • domain assumption Test-particle slowing-down and pitch-angle scattering operators on Maxwellian background (Appendix A, Eq. A1)
    Persistence of anisotropy and the inversion boundary Eq. (13) rely on these collisional rates; anomalous scattering is bounded only parametrically, not measured.
  • domain assumption Quasilinear Kennel-Engelmann diffusion and the channeling path dPφ/dE=nφ/ω (Eq. 12, Appendix F)
    All wave-drive and channeling-efficiency calculations assume this weak-turbulence/quasilinear framework and a specified wave spectrum.
  • standard math Bosch-Hale D-T reactivity fit and Stix slowing-down partition (Appendix B)
    Used in the burn model; standard empirical fits for fusion reactivity and collisional alpha energy partition.
  • ad hoc to paper ITG threshold scaling R/L_Ti ∝ 1+Ti/Te extrapolated beyond validated range (Eq. 36)
    The hot-ion-mode enhancements up to 4.7-6.7 in Section VI depend on this scaling and the stiffness exponent ν; the authors explicitly say these are extrapolated far beyond validated ranges.
  • ad hoc to paper Helium ejection assumption F_ej=ηch and divertor extraction with no first-wall implantation
    Ash-exhaust and TBE benefits assume every channeled alpha reaches the divertor as a fast ion; the authors flag this as an assumption consistent with their Monte Carlo but likely optimistic at low ηch.

reviewed 2026-08-01 · how reviews work

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Enhanced alpha channeling with spin-polarized fuel." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/TKCCRWLB

@misc{pith2026260725313,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Enhanced alpha channeling with spin-polarized fuel},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/TKCCRWLB}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2607.25313}
}
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read the original abstract

The nuclear spin state of deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel sets both the D-T fusion cross section and the emission direction of the fusion-born alphas and neutrons. We show two ways that spin-polarized fuel (SPF) could enhance alpha channeling, the wave-mediated damping of alpha power onto fuel ions rather than electrons, which is predicted to increase fusion power significantly. First, the enhanced SPF cross section produces more alphas, and second, the perpendicular (to the magnetic field) bias of the alphas' kinetic energy couples more efficiently to the perpendicular-resonant channeling waves. The birth anisotropy survives slowing-down and appears as a population inversion of the bulk alpha distribution over a broad region of velocity space, so resonant alphas can drive a suitably tuned channeling wave rather than damp it. Without channeling, SPF roughly doubles the fusion power density through the cross-section boost and its temperature feedback on the reactivity, a well-known result. Our velocity-space calculations find the channeling efficiency about 1.5 times higher for vector-aligned fuel than for unpolarized fuel, and channeling raises the fusion power enhancement to three or four times as the channeling efficiency improves, provided the waves do not depolarize the fuel. A transport model of an ARC-class equilibrium with stiff critical-gradient transport gives an enhancement of 2.2, rising to 3.4 for less stiff transport and to 4.7 in the zero-dimensional model when the critical gradients rise with the hotter ions. Channeling also transports helium quickly to the divertor: at fixed pumping the core helium fraction nearly halves, and a divertor pump several times less selective for helium supports the same core helium dilution. Spin-polarized fuel thus enhances fusion power through the anisotropic alpha distribution, beyond its increase of the reactivity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.25313 by A. Diallo, J. F. Parisi, J. W. S. Cook.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Birth emission probability (proportional to arrow length) of fusion alphas from the D-T fusion reaction site [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Fusion power enhancement versus the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Accessible cross section factor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Alpha birth distribution for the three [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: Alpha anisotropy through slowing-down from the solver of Appendix A. (a) Steady-state vector-aligned [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6: Pitch distribution of the steady-state [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7: Velocity-space population inversion of the steady-state alpha distribution at a single spatial location, the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8: The amplification condition of Equation (12) [13] evaluated on the no-wave steady state of Appendix F: the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: FIG. 9: (a) Fusion power density enhancement versus [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10: (a) Operating points on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: FIG. 11: First-principles channeling from the velocity-space solver (Appendix F). (a) Channeling efficiency relative [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12: The channeling efficiency factor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13: Fusion power enhancement over the accessible [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: FIG. 15: Fusion power enhancement versus TBE as the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14: (a) Total core helium fraction [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: FIG. 16: Fusion power enhancement versus the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: FIG. 17: (a) Fusion power enhancement and (b) ion [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: FIG. 18: Transport model of the ARC V3A plasma. (a) Fusion power and (b) net electric power against channeling [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: FIG. 19: (a) Fusion power against the ejected birth [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: FIG. 20: (a) Kennel-Engelmann drive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: FIG. 21: Sensitivity of the enhancements to the model [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_21.png] view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: FIG. 22: Channeling in D- [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_22.png] view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: FIG. 23: Steady states of Figure 22 on the reactivity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: FIG. 24: Plasma gain [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p026_24.png] view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: FIG. 25: Delivery efficiency from the reduced wave-kinetic solver (Equation (E1)). (a) Delivery efficiency [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_25.png] view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: FIG. 26: Alpha energy density in velocity space at four minor radii [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_26.png] view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: FIG. 28: Two-wave Monte Carlo versus fuel [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_28.png] view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: FIG. 27: Birth-density difference in constants-of-motion [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_27.png] view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: FIG. 29: Alpha power diverted to the waves for [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_29.png] view at source ↗

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Reference graph

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