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The brightest GRB ever detected: GRB 221009A as a highly luminous event at z = 0.151

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arxiv 2302.07891 v2 pith:TNILU7O5 submitted 2023-02-15 astro-ph.HE

classification astro-ph.HE
keywords redshiftburstbrightestburstsdatedetecteddistantemission
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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abstract

Context: The extreme luminosity of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) makes them powerful beacons for studies of the distant Universe. The most luminous bursts are typically detected at moderate/high redshift, where the volume for seeing such rare events is maximized and the star-formation activity is greater than at z = 0. For distant events, not all observations are feasible, such as at TeV energies. Aims: Here we present a spectroscopic redshift measurement for the exceptional GRB 221009A, the brightest GRB observed to date with emission extending well into the TeV regime. Methods: We used the X-shooter spectrograph at the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT) to obtain simultaneous optical to near-IR spectroscopy of the burst afterglow 0.5 days after the explosion. Results: The spectra exhibit both absorption and emission lines from material in a host galaxy at z = 0.151. Thus GRB 221009A was a relatively nearby burst with a luminosity distance of 745 Mpc. Its host galaxy properties (star-formation rate and metallicity) are consistent with those of LGRB hosts at low redshift. This redshift measurement yields information on the energy of the burst. The inferred isotropic energy release, $E_{\rm iso} > 5 \times 10^{54}$ erg, lies at the high end of the distribution, making GRB 221009A one of the nearest and also most energetic GRBs observed to date. We estimate that such a combination (nearby as well as intrinsically bright) occurs between once every few decades to once per millennium.

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Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 19 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. The day-long, repeating GRB 250702BDE / EP250702a: A unique extragalactic transient

    astro-ph.HE 2025-07 conditional novelty 8.0 of 10

    GRB 250702BDE is the first extragalactic gamma-ray burst observed to repeat, with three triggers spaced by a near-integer interval and a likely low-redshift host galaxy.

  2. Accretion Regimes of Neutrino-Cooled Flows onto Black Holes

    astro-ph.HE 2025-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    A 1D relativistic disk model charts the accretion regimes of neutrino-cooled flows and predicts r-process outflows up to black hole masses of about 3000 solar masses.

  3. Late-time HST and JWST Observations of GRB 221009A: Evidence for a Break in the Light Curve at 50 Days

    astro-ph.HE 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Late-time HST and JWST photometry of GRB 221009A provides evidence for a break in the afterglow light curve at about 50 days, a blue excess component, and a supernova no brighter than 1.5 times SN 1998bw.

  4. Extreme value distribution for gamma-ray-burst prompt data -- How unexpected was the BOAT event?

    astro-ph.HE 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Using generalized extreme value fits to 30-day maxima from Fermi-GBM and BATSE, the fluence and peak flux of GRB 221009A are extreme outliers, with median return periods of about 1000 years and 140 years respectively.

  5. The optical constants and grain sizes of interstellar dust measured directly using the dust scattered x-ray halo of GRB 221009A

    astro-ph.HE 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Using the fading X-ray rings of GRB 221009A, the authors infer the complex refractive index and grain size distribution of Milky Way dust, finding a maximum grain radius of 0.24 micrometers and an iron mass fraction of 35%.

  6. Insight-HXMT observations of the extremely bright GRB 221009A

    astro-ph.HE 2025-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Insight-HXMT's ME and LE telescopes, detecting secondary particles rather than direct gamma rays, recovered the main burst light curve of GRB 221009A and measured a minimum variability timescale of 0.10 s.

  7. Carpet-3 detection of a photon-like air shower with estimated primary energy above 100 TeV in a spatial and temporal coincidence with GRB 221009A

    astro-ph.HE 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Carpet-3 reports a photon-like air shower with estimated energy around 300 TeV arriving from the direction of GRB 221009A about 75 minutes after the trigger, with a coincidence probability of about 0.9 percent.

  8. Polarization of impulsive relativistic jets propagating in a stratified medium

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Stratified external media reduce and slow the temporal evolution of afterglow polarization in impulsive jets, with the polarization peak near the geometrical light-curve break.

  9. TeV Afterglow of BOAT GRB without Jet Break

    astro-ph.HE 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A magnetized, thick ejecta with an inverted circumstellar density profile can reproduce GRB 221009A's TeV light curve without invoking an early jet break.

  10. GRB 221009A and the Apparently Most Energetic Gamma-Ray Bursts

    astro-ph.HE 2025-01 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Using 185 energetic gamma-ray bursts, the authors confirm a cutoff near Eiso = 4×10^54 erg that is not invalidated by GRB 221009A.

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