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REVIEW 4 major objections 6 minor 116 references

Quantum Computing and Cybersecurity in Accounting and Finance: Current and Future Challenges and the Opportunities for Securing Accounting and Finance Systems in the Post-Quantum World

T0 review · 4 major / 6 minor · reviewed 2026-08-07 · deepseek-v4-flash

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Pith's one-line read Quantum-safe crypto and QKD are finance's future, review finds

desk verdict A serviceable but flawed systematic review: the PQC recommendation is sound, the QKD necessity claim is overreach, and the selection counts don't reconcile. read the letter →

arxiv 2506.12096 v2 pith:VJRCJQ6T submitted 2025-06-12 cs.CR cs.ET

Huma Habib Shadan , Sardar Islam (Victoria University) This is my paper · ORCID
classification cs.CRcs.ET
keywords QuantumComputingCybersecurityAccountingFinanceKeyDistributionPost-QuantumCryptographySystematicLiteratureReviewPSALSAR
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper is a systematic literature review of how quantum computing will change cybersecurity in accounting and finance. Its central conclusion is that the public-key encryption now protecting financial records (RSA, ECC, and related schemes) will become breakable as quantum computers mature, so organizations must move to quantum-resistant algorithms and quantum key distribution (QKD). The authors construct a sixteen-dimension conceptual framework that combines an established technology-adoption model with quantum-specific security constructs, and they use it to test four propositions about encryption strength, unauthorized access, organizational disruption, and adoption costs. The contribution is a structured warning and roadmap rather than an empirical demonstration: if the review's reading of the literature is right, finance and accounting systems should begin their post-quantum transition now.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing mechanism is a three-layer conceptual framework that adapts a 1991 personal-computing utilisation model and contingency theory to quantum security. It adds four quantum-specific constructs (quantum resistance of accounting algorithms, QKD integration, organizational quantum readiness, and stakeholder interdependence), yielding sixteen dimensions used to evaluate each of the four propositions. The framework performs the translation from the abstract threat of Shor's algorithm into audit-ready variables that an accounting organization can assess, such as job fit, complexity, structure, goals, and perceived consequences.

What would settle it

Run Shor's algorithm on a fault-tolerant quantum computer against the RSA key sizes used in financial reporting; the paper cites an estimate that 2048-bit RSA could be factored in about 8 hours with 20 million noisy qubits. Success would confirm the threat, while a failure of that scale, or a demonstration that financial systems remain secure through classical encryption alone, would contradict the paper's claim that post-quantum algorithms and QKD are necessary.

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Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that securing accounting and finance systems in the post-quantum world requires quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms and quantum key distribution, because Shor's algorithm can solve the integer-factorization and discrete-logarithm problems behind RSA and ECC in polynomial time, while Grover's algorithm speeds up brute-force search against symmetric encryption. Based on a synthesis of 54 selected studies, the authors conclude that current financial encryption is vulnerable to quantum attacks and that lattice-based and hash-based post-quantum cryptography, together with QKD for key exchange, are the necessary remedies. They further argue that the transition is organizational, not purely technical: adoption depends on cost, complexity, skills, regulatory pressure, and cultural readiness, which the paper's four propositions map onto specific challenges and benefits.

Load-bearing premise

The central argument assumes the 54 selected studies are a fair and representative sample of the literature, so the conclusions about quantum threats and remedies reflect the field rather than a skewed subset.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Financial institutions should begin migrating encryption of audit trails, ledgers, and interbank communications to standardized post-quantum algorithms, since current RSA/ECC protection has a finite lifespan.
  • QKD should be considered for key exchange wherever the physical infrastructure supports it, because it detects eavesdropping rather than merely making decryption hard.
  • The transition will require revising cybersecurity governance, retraining accounting and IT staff, and reworking workflows with quantum key management and post-quantum signature verification.
  • Regulatory and standards bodies will need to embed quantum-safe requirements into financial reporting and audit frameworks.
  • High initial cost and complexity will slow adoption, but the paper's Proposition 4 holds that security and compliance benefits eventually outweigh these barriers.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • An implication the paper leaves implicit is the 'harvest now, decrypt later' risk: encrypted financial records captured today can be stored and decrypted once a quantum computer exists, so long-lived records such as audits may need quantum-safe protection before the attack is practical.
  • A concrete next step the paper calls for but does not design is a pilot QKD deployment for a specific accounting function, such as interbank reconciliation, where eavesdropping detection and operational latency could be measured directly.
  • The framework could be operationalized as a readiness index that scores organizations on infrastructure, skills, and regulatory exposure; the paper mentions the idea of a quantum security index but leaves its construction to future work.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 6 minor

Summary. The paper presents a systematic literature review (PSALSAR) of quantum computing and cybersecurity in accounting and finance. It develops an integrated conceptual framework that adapts Thompson et al.'s personal computing utilization model and adds two quantum-specific constructs (quantum resistance of accounting algorithms and QKD integration), then uses the framework to evaluate four propositions. The article concludes that quantum-resistant algorithms and quantum key distribution (QKD) are necessary for securing future accounting and finance systems, recommending that organizations transition encryption infrastructure to post-quantum primitives and consider QKD.

Significance. If the underlying corpus were reliable, the paper would provide a useful interdisciplinary synthesis and a structured framework for studying quantum security adoption in accounting and finance. Its mapping of research gaps to propositions, explicit use of a systematic review protocol, and attention to organizational and human factors are genuine strengths. However, the central conclusion about QKD necessity is not supported by the paper's own evidence, and the reported literature-selection counts do not reconcile. The study should therefore be treated as a promising framework paper whose empirical grounding and concluding claims need substantial revision. There are no machine-checked proofs or reproducible code in the manuscript; its value rests on the systematic-review synthesis, which currently has arithmetic and documentation problems.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section 4.2.1, Flow Diagram No.1] The article screening counts are arithmetically inconsistent and do not reproduce the final corpus of 54 papers. Starting from 3,006 retrieved records, the manuscript removes 57 duplicates, 12 non-English documents, and 353 exclusions, leaving 2,584 records, but the next sentence reports 212 records after a time filter. Subsequently it states that 1,024 publications were eliminated and then that 894 more articles were dropped, yielding 454 articles, which is impossible from the preceding counts. Because the 54-article corpus is the evidence base for the propositions and framework in Sections 3 and 5, this must be corrected and the flow diagram reconciled with the narrative.
  2. [Section 2.6.2, Peter Shor's concept] The complexity of Shor's algorithm is misstated as O(log N), and the claim that a functional 100-bit quantum computer could break RSA in hours or days is technically inaccurate. Shor's factoring algorithm has polynomial complexity in the number of bits, not O(log N), and the resource estimates for breaking realistic RSA key sizes require thousands of logical qubits. These inaccuracies matter because the paper's urgency and its 'necessary' security recommendation are based on the expected impact of Shor's algorithm; the threat assessment should be corrected to reflect the actual complexity and resource requirements.
  3. [Abstract and Section 8.0] The conclusion that QKD is necessary for securing accounting and finance systems is unsupported by, and inconsistent with, the paper's own discussion. Section 5.1.1 and Section 5.2 state that lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (Kyber, Dilithium) resists Shor's and Grover's algorithms and provides quantum-resistant key establishment, yet no argument is given that PQC alone is insufficient. The paper also describes QKD as 'unbreakable encryption' and treats it as performing encryption, whereas QKD is a key-establishment mechanism with known limitations (distance, trusted relays, implementation attacks) and is not equivalent to encryption. The recommendation should be weakened to: post-quantum algorithms are necessary, and QKD is an optional enhancement, unless direct evidence of PQC insufficiency is provided.
  4. [Section 5.1, Testing of Propositions] The claimed 'testing' of the four propositions is not an independent test. The propositions are formulated in Section 3.4 from the same systematic literature synthesis that is then cited in Section 5.1 as evidence for each proposition. This creates a circular structure in which the literature both generates and confirms the propositions. The manuscript should acknowledge this explicitly and reframe Section 5.1 as a thematic synthesis or illustrative mapping rather than an empirical test of the propositions.
minor comments (6)
  1. [Table 3] The table cites 'Booth et al. [12]' for the PICOC definition, but reference [12] in the reference list is Sandhu (2021), not Booth et al.; the citation should be corrected or the reference added.
  2. [Sections 3.1, 3.2, 5.0] The Thompson et al. (1991) model is inconsistently cited as [6], [46], and [47] in different places; the reference numbering should be reconciled throughout.
  3. [Section 2.2.1] The text refers to 'the researcher [309]', but the reference list contains only 118 entries; this and other orphan citations should be fixed.
  4. [Table 4] There is a typo in the inclusion criteria: 'Papars' should be 'Papers'.
  5. [Section 2.6.2] The notation '0((N)^1/2)' should be 'O(\sqrt{N})' for the number of Grover iterations; the current notation is nonstandard and confusing.
  6. [Section 2.2.2] The description of a qubit as a 'microorganism' appears to be a typo for 'microscopic object' or 'physical system'.

Circularity Check

2 steps flagged · score 4.0 of 10

Propositions are built from the same literature that later "tests" them; the conceptual framework restates its own synthesis, though no author self-citation or fitted prediction is involved.

  1. self definitional [Section 3.4 (Research Propositions) and Section 5.1 (Results and Findings – Testing of Propositions)]
    "These propositions are grounded in theoretical constructs and thematic insights from the systematic literature review and conceptual synthesis. ... Each proposition is evaluated through a targeted combination of these variables, selected based on thematic alignment and conceptual relevance."

    The propositions are derived from the same systematic-literature corpus and conceptual framework that later "tests" them. Section 5.1 evaluates each proposition using variables chosen for "thematic alignment and conceptual relevance" with that same synthesized literature, so the support offered for each proposition is the very literature from which the proposition was formulated. No independent evidence is introduced at the testing stage.

  2. other [Section 3.2 (Integrated Conceptual Framework) and Section 5.2 (Discussion – Answers to Research Questions)]
    "The framework has been refined through a systematic literature review following the PSALSAR methodology and visually depicts the dynamic relationships among these constructs. ... The findings are summarised from the proposition-based analysis and extensive literature-based theme review, directly answering the study's research questions."

    The integrated framework is presented as an output of the systematic literature review, but the findings are then read through that same framework, so the "answers" to the research questions are the framework's constructs restating the themes used to build it. Section 7 later concedes the need for "empirical validation, such as case studies, interviews, or pilot implementations," acknowledging that the current evaluation is not independent of its own synthesis.

full rationale

This is a conceptual systematic literature review rather than an empirical derivation, and most of the paper is a legitimate synthesis of external sources. The circular element is internal: Section 3.4 formulates the propositions from "thematic insights from the systematic literature review," Section 5.1 evaluates them through variables selected for "thematic alignment and conceptual relevance" from the same literature, and Section 5.2 presents that restatement as findings answering the research questions. This is a self-referential validation loop, although it is common in qualitative SLRs and is partially acknowledged in Section 7, which calls for future "empirical validation, such as case studies, interviews, or pilot implementations." There are no fitted parameters, no author self-citation chain, and no imported uniqueness theorem. The skeptic's concern that QKD is presented as necessary even though NIST-standardized PQC already provides quantum-resistant key establishment is a correctness and consistency issue about the strength of the conclusion, not a circularity defect, and is therefore not scored here. The central propositions do reduce to the literature themes used to construct them, but the resulting recommendations still have independent content grounded in the external literature, so a moderate score is appropriate.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 2 invented entities

No free parameters are present because the paper does not fit any model to data. The central claim rests on standard quantum algorithm results, a domain assumption about future quantum computers, the assumed security of QKD, and the reliability of the systematic review selection process. The two 'original' constructs in the framework are conceptual labels rather than falsifiable entities.

assumptions (4)
  • standard math Shor's algorithm factors integers in polynomial time and Grover's algorithm offers a quadratic speedup.
    Invoked in Sections 2.4.3 and 2.6.2 to establish the quantum threat to RSA and ECC.
  • domain assumption Large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computers will eventually be built and can break RSA and ECC.
    The paper's conclusion that PQC and QKD are 'necessary' presumes this future capability, referenced in Sections 1.2 and 2.6.2.
  • domain assumption QKD provides secure, eavesdrop-resistant key distribution as described.
    The QKD Integration construct in Section 3.2.3 and the findings in Section 5.1.2 rely on QKD's security properties, ignoring implementation attacks.
  • ad hoc to paper The PSALSAR systematic review as executed produces a reliable, unbiased set of 54 articles.
    The propositions and framework depend on this corpus, but the selection counts in Section 4.2.1 are internally inconsistent.
invented entities (2)
  • Quantum Resistance of Accounting Algorithms
    purpose: To capture the need for PQC algorithms in accounting systems within the conceptual framework.
    Introduced in Section 3.2.3 as an original construct but it is a relabeling of existing PQC concepts with no empirical validation.
  • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Integration
    purpose: To represent the adoption of QKD for key exchange in accounting cybersecurity frameworks.
    Also introduced in Section 3.2.3; it names an existing technology rather than a new entity, and no independent evidence is provided within the paper.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Quantum Computing and Cybersecurity in Accounting and Finance: Current and Future Challenges and the Opportunities for Securing Accounting and Finance Systems in the Post-Quantum World." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/VJRCJQ6T

@misc{pith2026250612096,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Quantum Computing and Cybersecurity in Accounting and Finance: Current and Future Challenges and the Opportunities for Securing Accounting and Finance Systems in the Post-Quantum World},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/VJRCJQ6T}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2506.12096}
}
read the original abstract

Quantum computing is transforming the world profoundly, affecting businesses, organisations, technologies, and human beings' information systems, and will have a profound impact on accounting and finance, particularly in the realm of cybersecurity. It presents both opportunities and risks in ensuring confidentiality and protecting financial data. The purpose of this article is to show the application of quantum technologies in accounting cybersecurity, utilising quantum algorithms and QKD to overcome the limitations of classical computing. The literature review reveals the vulnerabilities of the current accounting cybersecurity to quantum attacks and the need for quantum-resistant cryptographic mechanisms. It elaborates on the risks associated with conventional encryption in the context of quantum capabilities. This study contributes to the understanding of how quantum computing can transform accounting cybersecurity by enhancing quantum-resistant algorithms and using QKD in accounting. The study employs PSALSAR systematic review methodology to ensure rigour and depth. The analysis shows that quantum computing enhances encryption techniques to superior possibilities than classical ones. Using quantum technologies in accounting minimises data breaches and unauthorised access. The study concludes that quantum-resistant algorithms and quantum key distribution (QKD) are necessary for securing the accounting and finance systems of the future. Keywords Quantum Computing, Cybersecurity, Accounting, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Key Distribution, Operations Management

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

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Pith tools

Reviewed August 7, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.