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Levels of AI Agents: from Rules to Large Language Models

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arxiv 2405.06643 v2 pith:WFKDLFJ5 submitted 2024-03-06 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords agentslevelsactionsautonomousmakingrl-basedrule-basedaccount
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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AI agents are defined as artificial entities to perceive the environment, make decisions and take actions. Inspired by the 6 levels of autonomous driving by Society of Automotive Engineers, the AI agents are also categorized based on utilities and strongness, as the following levels: L0, no AI, with tools taking into account perception plus actions; L1, using rule-based AI; L2, making rule-based AI replaced by IL/RL-based AI, with additional reasoning & decision making; L3, applying LLM-based AI instead of IL/RL-based AI, additionally setting up memory & reflection; L4, based on L3, facilitating autonomous learning & generalization; L5, based on L4, appending personality of emotion and character and collaborative behavior with multi-agents.

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Forward citations

Cited by 5 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Facilitating Video Story Interaction with Multi-Agent Collaborative System

    cs.HC 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A multi-agent system with VLM and RAG lets users talk with stage-aware Harry Potter characters and customize scenes, with a user study reporting enhanced engagement.

  2. Toward Edge General Intelligence with Multiple-Large Language Model (Multi-LLM): Architecture, Trust, and Orchestration

    cs.NI 2025-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A survey of multi-LLM systems in edge computing, covering architectures, enabling technologies, trust mechanisms, applications, and open datasets for edge general intelligence.

  3. LLM-based Multi-Agent System for Intelligent Refactoring of Haskell Code

    cs.SE 2025-06 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A GPT-4o-based multi-agent pipeline is reported to refactor open-source Haskell code, with claimed but poorly supported reductions in complexity and memory usage.

  4. Distributed Approach to Haskell Based Applications Refactoring with LLMs Based Multi-Agent Systems

    cs.SE 2025-02 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    An LLM-based multi-agent system for Haskell refactoring reports reduced cyclomatic complexity and memory allocation on two codebases, but the evaluation lacks reproducibility and contains inconsistent numbers.

  5. Agents Are Not Enough

    cs.AI 2024-12 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    Agents alone are not enough; the authors propose an ecosystem of task-specific Agents, user-representing Sims, and user-facing Assistants.

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