A two-stage fourth-order gas-kinetic CPR method for the Navier-Stokes equations on triangular meshes

A highly efficient gas-kinetic scheme with fourth-order accuracy in both space and time is developed for the Navier-Stokes equations on triangular meshes. The scheme combines an efficient correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) framework with a robust gas-kinetic flux formula, which computes both the flux and its time-derivative. The availability of the flux time-derivative makes it straightforward to adopt an efficient two-stage temporal discretization to achieve fourth-order time accuracy. In addition, through the gas-kinetic evolution model, the inviscid and viscous fluxes are coupled and computed uniformly without any separate treatment for the viscous fluxes. As a result, the current scheme is more efficient than traditional explicit CPR methods with a separate treatment for viscous fluxes, and a fourth order Runge-Kutta approach. Furthermore, a robust and accurate subcell finite volume (SCFV) limiting procedure is extended to the CPR framework for troubled cells, resulting in subcell resolution of flow discontinuities. Numerical tests demonstrate the high accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the current scheme in a wide range of inviscid and viscous flow problems from subsonic to supersonic speeds.