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Sulfur Dioxide and Other Molecular Species in the Atmosphere of the Sub-Neptune GJ 3470 b

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arxiv 2406.04450 v1 pith:XD4XNDSP submitted 2024-06-06 astro-ph.EP

Thomas G. Beatty , Luis Welbanks , Everett Schlawin , Taylor J. Bell , Michael R. Line , Matthew Murphy , Isaac Edelman , Thomas P. Greene
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Jonathan J. Fortney Gregory W. Henry Sagnick Mukherjee Kazumasa Ohno Vivien Parmentier Emily Rauscher Lindsey S. Wiser Kenneth E. Arnold
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keywords dioxidesulfurcarbonexoplanetobservationswaterabundancesarchival
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abstract

We report observations of the atmospheric transmission spectrum of the sub-Neptune exoplanet GJ 3470 b taken using the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on JWST. Combined with two archival HST/WFC3 transit observations and fifteen archival Spitzer transit observations, we detect water, methane, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of GJ 3470 b, each with a significance of >3-sigma. GJ 3470 b is the lowest mass -- and coldest -- exoplanet known to show a substantial sulfur dioxide feature in its spectrum, at $M_{p}$=11.2${\,{\rm M}_{\oplus}}$ and $T_{eq}$=600$\,$K. This indicates disequilibrium photochemistry drives sulfur dioxide production in exoplanet atmospheres over a wider range of masses and temperatures than has been reported or expected. The water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide abundances we measure indicate an atmospheric metallicity of approximately $100\times$ Solar. We see further evidence for disequilibrium chemistry in our inferred methane abundance, which is significantly lower than expected from equilibrium models consistent with our measured water and carbon dioxide abundances.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Statistical trends in JWST transiting exoplanet atmospheres

    astro-ph.EP 2025-01 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    JWST transmission spectra of eight gas giants show SO2 features favor cool, low-mass planets and the sample is best explained by super-solar metallicity with a mass-metallicity correlation.

  2. Phase-dependent chemistry of WASP-43 b revealed with a suite of one-, two-, and three-dimensional models

    astro-ph.EP 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Horizontal quenching at wind speeds ≳500 m/s, plus carbon-sulfur chemistry, explains the MIRI non-detection of night-side methane on WASP-43 b without requiring high metallicity.

  3. Escaping Helium and a Highly Muted Spectrum Suggest a Metal-Enriched Atmosphere on Sub-Neptune GJ3090b from JWST Transit Spectroscopy

    astro-ph.EP 2025-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    JWST transit spectroscopy of the sub-Neptune GJ 3090 b detects a weak helium signal and a muted infrared spectrum, indicating a metal-enriched atmosphere with >100x solar metallicity.

  4. Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy

    astro-ph.EP 2025-05 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Higher spectral resolution (R=300,000) materially reduces the exposure time needed to detect oxygen A-band absorption in hazy, cloudy exoplanet atmospheres relative to R=100,000.

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