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A Survey of WebAgents: Towards Next-Generation AI Agents for Web Automation with Large Foundation Models

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arxiv 2503.23350 v4 pith:XJHUVGCC submitted 2025-03-30 cs.AI

classification cs.AI
keywords tasksagentsdailywebagentslfmsresearchaspectsautomatically
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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With the advancement of web techniques, they have significantly revolutionized various aspects of people's lives. Despite the importance of the web, many tasks performed on it are repetitive and time-consuming, negatively impacting overall quality of life. To efficiently handle these tedious daily tasks, one of the most promising approaches is to advance autonomous agents based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, referred to as AI Agents, as they can operate continuously without fatigue or performance degradation. In the context of the web, leveraging AI Agents -- termed WebAgents -- to automatically assist people in handling tedious daily tasks can dramatically enhance productivity and efficiency. Recently, Large Foundation Models (LFMs) containing billions of parameters have exhibited human-like language understanding and reasoning capabilities, showing proficiency in performing various complex tasks. This naturally raises the question: `Can LFMs be utilized to develop powerful AI Agents that automatically handle web tasks, providing significant convenience to users?' To fully explore the potential of LFMs, extensive research has emerged on WebAgents designed to complete daily web tasks according to user instructions, significantly enhancing the convenience of daily human life. In this survey, we comprehensively review existing research studies on WebAgents across three key aspects: architectures, training, and trustworthiness. Additionally, several promising directions for future research are explored to provide deeper insights.

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Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. WebSP-Eval: Evaluating Web Agents on Website Security and Privacy Tasks

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    WebSP-Eval shows that multimodal LLM-based web agents fail more than 45% of the time on security and privacy tasks involving stateful UI elements such as toggles and checkboxes.

  2. Evo-Memory: Benchmarking LLM Agent Test-time Learning with Self-Evolving Memory

    cs.CL 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    Evo-Memory is a new benchmark for self-evolving memory in LLM agents across task streams, with baseline ExpRAG and proposed ReMem method that integrates reasoning, actions, and memory updates for continual improvement.

  3. HANSEL: Extracting Breadcrumbs from Web Agent Trajectories for Interactive Verification

    cs.HC 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    HANSEL extracts navigable evidence from agent trajectories with 83.7% precision and 88.8% recall on 45 tasks, reduces volume by 61.6%, and improves verification metrics in a 14-participant study.

  4. WebSP-Eval: Evaluating Web Agents on Website Security and Privacy Tasks

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    WebSP-Eval shows multimodal web agents fail many real security and privacy browser tasks, with stateful UI elements like toggles causing over 45% of failures.

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    cs.CL 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    Evo-Memory is a new streaming benchmark and evaluation framework for self-evolving memory in LLM agents, unifying over ten memory modules and introducing the ReMem pipeline for continual improvement on multi-turn and ...

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    cs.CL 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    The paper proposes Amazon-Bench, a functionality-grounded benchmark for web agents in e-commerce that generates diverse task queries from webpage elements and evaluates both task performance and safety risks.

  7. Cybernaut: Towards Reliable Web Automation

    cs.SE 2025-08 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

    A demonstration-to-SOP framework plus robust element identification and a trace similarity metric improves enterprise web automation success rates on an internal benchmark, with a fine-tuned consistency classifier rea...

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    cs.AI 2025-05 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

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  9. Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey

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    A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.

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