Pith. sign in

REVIEW 2 major objections 5 minor 4 cited by

Stellar-Mass Black Holes

T0 review · 2 major / 5 minor · reviewed 2026-08-06 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This review argues that the Milky Way should contain $10^8$--$10^9$ stellar-mass black holes but fewer than a hundred are known, and that X-ray, astrometric, microlensing, and gravitational-wave observations are now beginning to test…

desk verdict A competent, up-to-date review that will help students but offers no new science; the census range needs model-dependence caveats and the interstellar probe section overstates feasibility. read the letter →

arxiv 2507.15270 v2 pith:XKKVUWDB submitted 2025-07-21 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.SRgr-qc

Cosimo Bambi This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.HEastro-ph.SRgr-qc PACS 04.70.-s97.60.Lf
keywords stellar-massblackholesholebinariesbinaryisolatedKerrhypothesisgravitationalwavesX-raymassgap
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

Stellar-mass black holes, with masses between $3\,M_\odot$ and $150\,M_\odot$, are presented as the ordinary end state of heavy stars. The review's first claim is numerical: the Milky Way should contain $10^8$--$10^9$ of them, yet fewer than a hundred have been confirmed, because detection requires a special configuration such as an accreting companion, a measurable astrometric wobble, microlensing, or a gravitational-wave merger. The second claim is physical: the spacetime around these objects is expected to be the Kerr solution, and X-ray reflection spectroscopy, continuum fitting, and gravitational-wave data now give the first, still modest constraints on that expectation. The review also surveys open issues, including the possible mass gap, the spin tension between X-ray and gravitational-wave samples, and the prospect of an interstellar probe to a nearby black hole.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the Kerr spacetime, the rotating, uncharged black-hole solution of general relativity, characterized by mass $M_{\rm BH}$ and dimensionless spin $a_*$, with the event horizon existing only for $|a_*| \le 1$. Around it, the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius, Eq. (4), sets the inner edge of accretion disks and is the quantity from which X-ray spin measurements are inferred. The mass window is bounded by the maximum white-dwarf mass and the maximum neutron-star mass, while the detectability of isolated black holes is governed by the accretion-rate estimate for a black hole moving through the interstellar medium, Eq. (7). In gravitational-wave detections, the inspiral waveform carries the masses and spins that enter population comparisons.

What would settle it

A volume-complete census of compact objects in the solar neighborhood, from the next generation of astrometric, microlensing, and X-ray surveys, that measured the local space density of stellar-mass black holes to be an order of magnitude away from the population-synthesis prediction would refute the paper's central census claim.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper's central claim is that stellar-mass black holes, with masses from about $3\,M_\odot$ to $150\,M_\odot$, are the natural product of stars heavier than roughly $20\,M_\odot$, and that the Milky Way should contain $10^8$--$10^9$ such objects, while observations have confirmed fewer than a hundred. The known objects are grouped into about seventy X-ray binaries, four astrometric binaries, one isolated black hole found by microlensing, and roughly a hundred gravitational-wave merger events in other galaxies, and the review argues that these channels are complementary probes of the same population. It further claims that the spacetime around an astrophysical black hole is well approximated by the Kerr solution, and that current X-ray and gravitational-wave data, though still limited, are beginning to constrain deviations from Kerr. On open issues, the review reports a tension between fast-spinning black holes in X-ray binaries and slow-spinning black holes from gravitational waves, and an unsettled mass gap near $2$--$5\,M_\odot$.

Load-bearing premise

The $10^8$--$10^9$ Galactic census rests on population-synthesis models whose uncertain inputs include the initial mass function, binary evolution, supernova explosion physics, and natal kicks; if those inputs are wrong, the census claim and the framing of the detection challenge would be wrong.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • The Milky Way most likely contains hundreds of millions of stellar-mass black holes, so the current sample of fewer than a hundred is a strongly biased window onto the population.
  • Gravitational-wave observatories now detect roughly one black-hole merger every three days, and the next data release should add more than two hundred events.
  • Non-interacting black holes can be discovered through astrometric wobble, as shown by the heaviest known Galactic stellar-mass black hole, a dormant object of about $33\,M_\odot$.
  • X-ray measurements suggest most black holes in X-ray binaries spin near the extremal limit while gravitational-wave mergers spin slowly, implying either two different formation channels or unresolved systematic errors.
  • If an isolated black hole is found within about 20--25 light-years, a laser-sail nanocraft could reach it and test strong-field gravity in situ.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the predicted census is right, the nearest black hole is probably much closer than the current record at about 480 parsecs, which would make the review's interstellar-mission scenario a concrete search target for wide-field astrometric and microlensing surveys.
  • The reported spin tension between X-ray binaries and gravitational-wave sources suggests the two samples probe different formation channels; a model-independent spin measurement of a single black hole by both methods would help settle which side carries the systematic error.
  • The review's reading of gravitational-wave and astrometric data implies that the apparent 2--5 solar mass gap may be a selection effect of how X-ray binaries are discovered, a possibility that future unbiased surveys could test directly.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 5 minor

Summary. This is a review article on stellar-mass black holes. It covers their formation from massive stars, the expected Galactic census (10^8-10^9) versus the fewer than 100 dynamically confirmed objects, and the observational channels through which they are found: X-ray binaries, astrometric binaries, microlensing of isolated black holes, and gravitational-wave mergers. It also discusses open issues (the mass gap, black hole spins, tests of the Kerr hypothesis) and closes with a speculative proposal for an interstellar mission to a nearby black hole using laser-sail nanocrafts. The central quantitative claim is the census range, repeated in the Abstract, Section 2, and Concluding Remarks.

Significance. If the census and characterization claims are accurate, this is a useful and timely overview of a rapidly evolving field. The review accurately reports standard General Relativity results (ISCO, horizon radius, Kerr bound), gives a credible summary of the current observational inventory (about 70 X-ray binaries, 4 astrometric binaries, 1 isolated candidate, and about 100 gravitational-wave events), and highlights recent discoveries such as GAIA BH1-BH3. It also covers the current tension between spin measurements from X-ray data and gravitational waves, and the status of Kerr-hypothesis tests. The paper is a review, not an original derivation, so it contains no machine-checked proofs or new data; its value lies in synthesis and accessibility. The main weakness is that the headline census number is presented with more confidence than its model dependence warrants, and that needs to be fixed before publication.

major comments (2)
  1. [Section 2] The central claim of 10^8-10^9 stellar-mass black holes in the Galaxy, and specifically the figure of 'around 1.0e9' attributed to Timmes et al. (1996), is not supported by an updated calculation. The high end of the range rests on a maximum neutron-star mass of 1.7 Msun, and while the text acknowledges that the maximum mass is 'somewhat higher,' it does not recompute the remnant mass function. Since the fraction of massive stars that collapse to black holes rather than neutron stars is set by this threshold, the upper bound should either be recomputed using modern constraints (e.g., PSR J0348+0432 and GW170817) or be explicitly presented as the spread between two model realizations, Timmes et al. at about 1e9 and Olejak et al. at about 1.1e8. As written, the Abstract and Conclusion present 10^8-10^9 as a consensus expectation, which overstates the support for the upper end.
  2. [Section 4] The statement 'There are no specific technical problems to reach 90% of the speed of light with this technique' is an unsupported assertion. The section is explicitly speculative, but a review should not state this as fact; laser-sail acceleration to 0.9c faces severe material, thermal, and beam-propagation challenges that are not discussed. The cited references [142-144] describe concepts and roadmaps, not demonstrated engineering. I recommend softening the claim to something like 'no fundamental physical law rules out reaching a significant fraction of the speed of light' and adding a sentence noting the substantial technical challenges.
minor comments (5)
  1. [Figure 2] The caption says 'updated to March 2020' but then references GWTC-3, which was released in November 2021. Please correct the date or the dataset reference.
  2. [Section 2] There is a typo: 'neuron star' should be 'neutron star'.
  3. [Introduction] The phrase 'an heterogeneous' should be 'a heterogeneous'.
  4. [References] Reference [4] has an incorrect DOI; it lists the DOI of Reference [3] (Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 331) instead of the DOI for the Robinson paper.
  5. [Section 2.4] The text says 'about 100 events have been detected' and later says O4 'should include over 200 events'; consider updating the first number to reflect the most recent public catalogs or clarifying that it refers to O1-O3 only.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: a literature review whose census and detection claims rest on external population-synthesis and observational catalogs, not on self-referential fits.

full rationale

This is a review article, not a derivation; there is no chain of equations in which an output is constructed from its own input. The central census claim (10^8-10^9 Galactic stellar-mass black holes) is explicitly attributed to two external population-synthesis studies (Timmes et al. 1996, Ref. [37]; Olejak et al. 2020, Ref. [39]), and the 'fewer than 100 known' figure is an observational inventory, not a model output. The author's own publications are cited only as entry points to X-ray reflection spectroscopy and Kerr-hypothesis testing literature; those works analyze observational X-ray and gravitational-wave data and are externally falsifiable, so citing them is not load-bearing self-citation. The caveat that Timmes et al. assumed a 1.7 solar-mass neutron-star maximum mass while current measurements are 'somewhat higher' is a correct model-dependence caveat; it affects the accuracy of the upper bound but does not make the claim definitionally circular. No fitted parameter is relabeled as a prediction, no uniqueness theorem is imported from the authors, and no known result is renamed. Under the stated criteria, the appropriate finding is no significant circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 4 assumptions · 0 invented entities

No new parameters, entities, or ad hoc physics are introduced. The review relies on standard GR background and on population synthesis models, plus one speculative technology assumption in Section 4.

assumptions (4)
  • domain assumption Kerr metric accurately describes astrophysical black hole spacetimes on observable scales.
    Section 1 states 'The spacetime geometry around astrophysical black holes should be normally approximated well by the Kerr solution', used throughout the review.
  • domain assumption Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit sets the maximum neutron star mass at roughly 3 solar masses.
    Section 2 uses this to define the lower mass boundary of stellar-mass black holes, citing Refs [21-24].
  • domain assumption Population synthesis models (Timmes et al. 1996; Olejak et al. 2020) reliably predict the Galactic black hole count of 10^8-10^9.
    Section 2, paragraph 3, relies on these models to state the expected census; the models depend on IMF, binary evolution, and remnant mass prescriptions.
  • ad hoc to paper Laser-sail nanocrafts can be accelerated to 1/3 c (and possibly 90% c) without fundamental technical obstacles.
    Section 4 asserts 'There are no specific technical problems to reach 90% of the speed of light with this technique', with no engineering analysis.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Stellar-Mass Black Holes." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/XKKVUWDB

@misc{pith2026250715270,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Stellar-Mass Black Holes},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/XKKVUWDB}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2507.15270}
}
abstract

Stellar-mass black holes ($3$ $M_\odot \lesssim M_{\rm BH} \lesssim 150$ $M_\odot$) are the natural product of the evolution of heavy stars ($M_{\rm star} \gtrsim 20$ $M_\odot$). In our Galaxy, we expect $10^8$-$10^9$ stellar-mass black holes formed from the gravitational collapse of heavy stars, but currently we know fewer than 100 objects. We also know $\sim 100$ stellar-mass black holes in other galaxies, most of them discovered by gravitational wave observatories in the past 10 years. The detection of black holes is indeed extremely challenging and possible only in very special cases. This article is a short review on the physics and astrophysics of stellar-mass black holes, including Galactic and extragalactic black holes in X-ray binaries, black holes in astrometric binaries, isolated black holes, and black holes in compact binaries. The article also addresses some important open issues and introduces the idea of a possible interstellar mission to the closest black hole.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.15270 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Radial coordinate of the event horizon rH (red solid curve) and of the ISCO radius rISCO (blue dashed-dotted curve) in the Kerr spacetime in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates as a function of the black hole spin parameter a∗. a∗ > 0 corresponds to the case of co-rotating orbits, namely orbits with angular momentum parallel to the black hole spin. a∗ < 0 is for counter-rotating orbits, namely orbits with angular momentum a… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Stellar-mass black holes and neutron stars with a robust mass measurement (as of March 2020). Black holes (neutron stars) discovered with gravitational waves are in blue (orange) and black holes (neutron stars) observed with electromagnetic telescopes are in magenta (green). Credit: LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA/Aaron Geller/Northwestern companion star, not that of the black hole. In the known black hole X-ray binaries, the mass… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Cumulative number of discovered Galactic stellar-mass black holes in transient X-ray sources (red bars) and cumulative number of the dynamically confirmed stellar-mass black holes (blue bars). The horizontal gray bars show the periods of activity of X-ray missions relevant for the discovery and study of black hole X-ray binaries. Figure from the online BlackCAT catalog https://www.astro.puc.cl/BlackCAT/ of Ref. [47]… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (4 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Sketch of 22 X-ray binaries with a stellar-mass black hole confirmed by dynamical mea￾surements. For every binary, we see the accretion disk around the black hole on the left and the companion star on the right. All accretion disks are shown at the inclination angle of…
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Timeline of the Observing Runs of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration updated to June 2025. The figure also shows the binary neutron star distance for a single-detector SNR threshold of 8 in each observing run. Figure from https://observing.docs.ligo.org/plan/. From the…
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Summary of current spin measurements of black holes in X-ray binary systems. Spin measurements inferred with the continuum-fitting method are indicated in orange, those inferred with X-ray reflection spectroscopy and without analyzing NuSTAR data are indicated in yello…
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Tests of the Kerr hypothesis – Summary of the current 3-σ constraints on the deformation parameter α13 from X-ray and gravitational wave observations of stellar-mass black holes (α13 = 0 corresponds to the Kerr solution). The error bars in green are the best constraint…

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Probing nonlinear electrodynamics-sourced black holes via light and orbital mechanics

    gr-qc 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For ModMax black holes, Shapiro time delay and gravitational redshift are identical for both photon polarizations, while Sagnac and kinematic shifts distinguish them; S2 precession bounds e^-gamma (Q/2M)^2 <= 0.135.

  2. A Space Mission to Earth's Nearest Black Hole: Reality or Science Fiction?

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    An interstellar nanocraft mission to a nearby black hole is technologically speculative but potentially feasible within decades and could deliver precision strong-field tests of General Relativity.

  3. An interstellar mission to the closest black hole?

    gr-qc 2025-09 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    If a black hole lies within about 20 light-years, a laser-propelled nanocraft could reach it in roughly a century and test Einstein's theory and event horizons.

  4. Testing General Relativity with Black Holes

    gr-qc 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 1.0 of 10

    A status review of X-ray tests of the Kerr black hole hypothesis, concluding that current data are consistent with General Relativity, plus a speculative interstellar probe proposal.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

143 extracted references · 10 canonical work pages · cited by 4 Pith papers

  1. [1]

    C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J. A. Wheeler, Gravitation (W. H. Freeman, 1973), ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0, 978-0-691-17779-3

    1973

  2. [2]

    C. Bambi, Black Holes: A Laboratory for Testing Strong Gravity(Springer Singapore, 2017), ISBN 978-981-10-4523-3, 978-981-13-5158-7, 978-981-10-4524-0, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4524-0

    doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4524-0 2017

  3. [4]

    D. C. Robinson, Uniqueness of the Kerr black hole, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34, 905-906 (1975), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.331

    doi:10.1103/physrevlett.26.331 1975

  4. [5]

    P . T. Chrusciel, J. Lopes Costa and M. Heusler, Stationary Black Holes: Uniqueness and Beyond , Living Rev. Rel. 15, 7 (2012), https://doi.org/10.12942/lrr-2012-7 [arXiv:1205.6112 [gr-qc]]

    arXiv 2012

  5. [6]

    Penrose, Gravitational collapse: The role of general relativity, Riv

    R. Penrose, Gravitational collapse: The role of general relativity, Riv. Nuovo Cim. 1, 252-276 (1969), https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016578408204

    doi:10.1023/a:1016578408204 1969

  6. [7]

    Postman, T

    M. Postman, T. R. Lauer, M. Donahue, G. Graves, D. Coe et al., A Brightest Cluster Galaxy with an Extremely Large Flat Core , Astrophys. J. 756, 159 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/756/2/159 [arXiv:1205.3839 [astro-ph.CO]]

    arXiv 2012

  7. [8]

    Kormendy and D

    J. Kormendy and D. Richstone, Inward bound: The Search for supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 581 (1995), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.003053

    arXiv 1995

  8. [9]

    Ferrarese, P

    L. Ferrarese, P . Cote, E. D. Bonta, E. W. Peng, D. Merrittet al., A fundamental relation between compact stellar nuclei, supermassive black holes, and their host galaxies, Astrophys. J. Lett. 644, L21-L24 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1086/505388 [arXiv:astro-ph/0603840 [astro-ph]]

    arXiv 2006

Show all 143 references
  1. [10]

    Gallo, T

    E. Gallo, T. Treu, J. Jacob, J. H. Woo, P . Marshall and R. Antonucci,AMUSE-Virgo. 1. Super-massive black holes in low-mass spheroids, Astrophys. J. 680, 154 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1086/588012 [arXiv:0711.2073 [astro-ph]]

    2008 arXiv

  2. [11]

    J. E. Greene, J. Strader and L. C. Ho, Intermediate-Mass Black Holes , Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 58, 257-312 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021835 [arXiv:1911.09678 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2020 arXiv

  3. [12]

    Dolgov and J

    A. Dolgov and J. Silk, Baryon isocurvature fluctuations at small scales and baryonic dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 47, 4244-4255 (1993), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.47.4244

    1993 doi

  4. [13]

    Byrnes, G

    C. Byrnes, G. Franciolini, T. Harada, P . Pani and M. Sasaki,Primordial Black Holes (Springer Singapore, 2025), ISBN 978-981-97- 8886-6, 978-981-97-8889-7, 978-981-97-8887-3, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8887-3

    2025 doi

  5. [14]

    R. H. Price, Nonspherical perturbations of relativistic gravitational collapse. 1. Scalar and gravitational perturbations , Phys. Rev. D 5, 2419-2438 (1972), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.5.2419

    1972 doi

  6. [15]

    Bambi, A

    C. Bambi, A. D. Dolgov and A. A. Petrov,Black holes as antimatter factories, JCAP 09, 013 (2009), https://doi.org/10.1088/1475- 7516/2009/09/013 [arXiv:0806.3440 [astro-ph]]

    2009 arXiv

  7. [16]

    Barausse, V

    E. Barausse, V . Cardoso and P . Pani,Can environmental effects spoil precision gravitational-wave astrophysics?, Phys. Rev. D 89, 104059 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.104059 [arXiv:1404.7149 [gr-qc]]

    2014 arXiv

  8. [17]

    Bambi, D

    C. Bambi, D. Malafarina and N. Tsukamoto, Note on the effect of a massive accretion disk in the measurements of black hole spins, Phys. Rev. D 89, 127302 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.127302 [arXiv:1406.2181 [gr-qc]]

    2014 arXiv

  9. [18]

    Burrows, D

    A. Burrows, D. Vartanyan and T. Wang,Black Hole Formation Accompanied by the Supernova Explosion of a 40 M⊙ Progenitor Star, Astrophys. J. 957, 68 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfc1c [arXiv:2308.05798 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2023 arXiv

  10. [19]

    Burrows, T

    A. Burrows, T. Wang and D. Vartanyan, Channels of Stellar-mass Black Hole Formation , Astrophys. J. 987, 164 (2025), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/addd04 [arXiv:2412.07831 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2025 arXiv

  11. [20]

    Chandrasekhar, The maximum mass of ideal white dwarfs, Astrophys

    S. Chandrasekhar, The maximum mass of ideal white dwarfs, Astrophys. J. 74, 81-82 (1931), https://doi.org/10.1086/143324

    1931 doi

  12. [21]

    J. R. Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkoff,On massive neutron cores, Phys. Rev. 55, 374-381 (1939), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.55.374

    1939 doi

  13. [22]

    C. E. Rhoades, Jr. and R. Ruffini, Maximum mass of a neutron star , Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 324-327 (1974), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.324

    1974 doi

  14. [23]

    Kalogera and G

    V . Kalogera and G. Baym, The maximum mass of a neutron star , Astrophys. J. Lett. 470, L61-L64 (1996), https://doi.org/10.1086/310296 [arXiv:astro-ph/9608059 [astro-ph]]

    1996 arXiv

  15. [24]

    J. M. Lattimer, The nuclear equation of state and neutron star masses , Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62, 485-515 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-095018 [arXiv:1305.3510 [nucl-th]]

    2012 arXiv

  16. [25]

    Heger, C

    A. Heger, C. L. Fryer, S. E. Woosley, N. Langer and D. H. Hartmann, How massive single stars end their life , Astrophys. J. 591, 288-300 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1086/375341 [arXiv:astro-ph/0212469 [astro-ph]]

    2003 arXiv

  17. [26]

    Spera, M

    M. Spera, M. Mapelli and A. Bressan, The mass spectrum of compact remnants from the P ARSEC stellar evolution tracks, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 451, 4086-4103 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1161 [arXiv:1505.05201 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2015 arXiv

  18. [27]

    Mapelli, Formation Channels of Single and Binary Stellar-Mass Black Holes in Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy (Eds

    M. Mapelli, Formation Channels of Single and Binary Stellar-Mass Black Holes in Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy (Eds. C. Bambi, S. Katsanevas and K. D. Kokkotas, Springer Singapore, 2022), pp 705–769, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4306- 4_16 [arXiv:2106.00699 [as...

    2022 arXiv

  19. [28]

    Heger and S

    A. Heger and S. E. Woosley, The nucleosynthetic signature of population III , Astrophys. J. 567, 532-543 (2002), https://doi.org/10.1086/338487 [arXiv:astro-ph/0107037 [astro-ph]]

    2002 arXiv

  20. [29]

    Belczynski, A

    K. Belczynski, A. Heger, W. Gladysz, A. J. Ruiter, S. Woosleyet al., The Effect of Pair-Instability Mass Loss on Black Hole Mergers, Astron. Astrophys. 594, A97 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628980 [arXiv:1607.03116 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2016 arXiv

  21. [30]

    S. E. Woosley,Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae, Astrophys. J. 836, 244 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/244 [arXiv:1608.08939 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2017 arXiv

  22. [31]

    S. E. Woosley,The Evolution of Massive Helium Stars, Including Mass Loss, Astrophys. J. 878, 49 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538- 4357/ab1b41 Version September 13, 2025 submitted to Journal Not Specified 17 of 21

    2019 doi

  23. [32]

    Farmer, M

    R. Farmer, M. Renzo, S. E. de Mink, P . Marchant and S. Justham,Mind the gap: The location of the lower edge of the pair instability supernovae black hole mass gap, Astrophys. J. 887, 53 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab518b [arXiv:1910.12874 [astro- ph.SR]]

    2019 arXiv

  24. [33]

    Mapelli, M

    M. Mapelli, M. Spera, E. Montanari, M. Limongi, A. Chieffi, N. Giacobbo, A. Bressan and Y. Bouffanais, Impact of the Rotation and Compactness of Progenitors on the Mass of Black Holes, Astrophys. J. 888, 76 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab584d [arXiv:1909.01371 [as...

    2020 arXiv

  25. [34]

    Costa, A

    G. Costa, A. Bressan, M. Mapelli, P . Marigo, G. Iorio and M. Spera,Formation of GW190521 from stellar evolution: the impact of the hydrogen-rich envelope, dredge-up and 12C(α, γ)16O rate on the pair-instability black hole mass gap, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 501, 4514-4533 (...

    2021 arXiv

  26. [35]

    J. S. Vink, E. R. Higgins, A. A. C. Sander and G. N. Sabhahit, Maximum black hole mass across cosmic time, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 504, 146-154 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab842 [arXiv:2010.11730 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2021 arXiv

  27. [36]

    [LIGO Scientific, VIRGO and KAGRA], GW231123: a Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190-265 M⊙, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.08219 [arXiv:2507.08219 [astro-ph.HE]]

    doi arXiv

  28. [37]

    F. X. Timmes, S. E. Woosley and T. A. Weaver,The Neutron star and black hole initial mass function, Astrophys. J. 457, 834 (1996), https://doi.org/10.1086/176778 [arXiv:astro-ph/9510136 [astro-ph]]

    1996 arXiv

  29. [38]

    Antoniadis, P

    J. Antoniadis, P . C. C. Freire, N. Wex, T. M. Tauris, R. S. Lynchet al., A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary, Science 340, 6131 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233232 [arXiv:1304.6875 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2013 arXiv

  30. [39]

    Olejak, K

    A. Olejak, K. Belczynski, T. Bulik and M. Sobolewska, Synthetic catalog of black holes in the Milky Way, Astron. Astrophys. 638, A94 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936557 [arXiv:1908.08775 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2020 arXiv

  31. [40]

    Giesers, S

    B. Giesers, S. Dreizler, T.-O. Husser, S. Kamann, G. Anglada Escudeet al., A detached stellar-mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster NGC 3201, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 475, L15-L19 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slx203 [arXiv:1801.05642 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2018 arXiv

  32. [41]

    Giesers, S

    B. Giesers, S. Kamann, S. Dreizler, T.-O. Husser, A. Askar textitet al.,A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: Binaries in NGC 3201, Astron. Astrophys. 632, A3 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936203 [arXiv:1909.04050 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2019 arXiv

  33. [42]

    T. A. Thompson, C. S. Kochanek, K. Z. Stanek, C. Badenes, R. S. Post et al., Discovery of a Candidate Black Hole - Giant Star Binary System in the Galactic Field, Science 366, 637-640 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau4005 [arXiv:1806.02751 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2019 arXiv

  34. [43]

    C. Y. Lam, J. R. Lu, A. Udalski, I. Bond, D. P . Bennettet al., An isolated mass gap black hole or neutron star detected with astrometric microlensing, Astrophys. J. Lett. 933, L23 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac7442 [arXiv:2202.01903 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2022 arXiv

  35. [44]

    L. Mahy, H. Sana, T. Shenar, K. Sen, N. Langer, P . Marchantet al., Identifying quiescent compact objects in massive Galactic single-lined spectroscopic binaries, Astron. Astrophys. 664, A159 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243147 [arXiv:2207.07752 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2022 arXiv

  36. [45]

    Howil, L

    K. Howil, L. Wyrzykowski, K. Kruszynska, P . Zielinski, E. Bachelet et al., Uncovering the Invisible: A Study of Gaia18ajz, a Candidate Black Hole Revealed by Microlensing, Astron. Astrophys. 694, A94 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451046 [arXiv:2403.09006 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2025 arXiv

  37. [46]

    Casares and P

    J. Casares and P . G. Jonker,Mass Measurements of Stellar and Intermediate Mass Black-Holes, Space Sci. Rev. 183, 223-252 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-0030-6 [arXiv:1311.5118 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2014 arXiv

  38. [47]

    J. M. Corral-Santana, J. Casares, T. Munoz-Darias, F. E. Bauer, I. G. Martinez-Pais and D. M. Russell, BlackCAT: A catalogue of stellar-mass black holes in X-ray transients, Astron. Astrophys. 587, A61 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527130 [arXiv:1510.08869 [astr...

    2016 arXiv

  39. [48]

    S. G. T. Laycock, T. J. Maccarone and D. M. Christodoulou,Revisiting the Dynamical Case for a Massive Black Hole in IC10 X-1, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 452, L31-L35 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv082 [arXiv:1506.03882 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2015 arXiv

  40. [49]

    L. R. Yungelson, J. P . Lasota, G. Nelemans, G. Dubus, E. P . J. van den Heuvel, J. Dewi and S. Portegies Zwart, The origin and fate of short-period low-mass black-hole binaries, Astron. Astrophys. 454, 559 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20064984 [arXiv:astro-ph/060...

    2006 arXiv

  41. [50]

    P . D. Kiel and J. R. Hurley,Populating the Galaxy with low-mass X-ray binaries, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 369, 1152-1166 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10400.x [arXiv:astro-ph/0605080 [astro-ph]]

    2006

  42. [51]

    El-Badry, H

    K. El-Badry, H. W. Rix, E. Quataert, A. W. Howard, H. Isaacson,et al., A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 518, 1057-1085 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3140 [arXiv:2209.06833 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2023 arXiv

  43. [52]

    Chakrabarti, J

    S. Chakrabarti, J. D. Simon, P . A. Craig, H. Reggiani, T. D. Brandt, et al., A Noninteracting Galactic Black Hole Candidate in a Binary System with a Main-sequence Star, Astron. J. 166, 6 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/accf21 [arXiv:2210.05003 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2023 arXiv

  44. [53]

    Tanikawa, K

    A. Tanikawa, K. Hattori, N. Kawanaka, T. Kinugawa, M. Shikauchi and D. Tsuna,Search for a Black Hole Binary in Gaia DR3 Astromet- ric Binary Stars with Spectroscopic Data, Astrophys. J. 946, 79 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbf36 [arXiv:2209.05632 [astro-ph.SR]]. ...

    2023 arXiv

  45. [54]

    El-Badry, H

    K. El-Badry, H. W. Rix, Y. Cendes, A. C. Rodriguez, C. Conroy,et al., A red giant orbiting a black hole, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 521, 4323-4348 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad799

    2023 doi

  46. [55]

    Panuzzoet al

    P . Panuzzoet al. [Gaia], Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry, Astron. Astrophys. 686, L2 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449763 [arXiv:2404.10486 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2024 arXiv

  47. [56]

    Q. Y. An, Y. Huang, W. M. Gu, Y. Shao, Z. X. Zhang,et al., A Be star-black hole binary with a wide orbit from LAMOST time-domain survey, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.23151 [arXiv:2505.23151 [astro-ph.SR]]

    doi arXiv

  48. [57]

    Mashian and A

    N. Mashian and A. Loeb, Hunting Black Holes with Gaia , Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 470, 2611-2616 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1410 [arXiv:1704.03455 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2017 arXiv

  49. [58]

    Breivik, S

    K. Breivik, S. Chatterjee and S. L. Larson, Revealing black holes with Gaia , Astrophys. J. Lett. 850, L13 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa97d5 [arXiv:1710.04657 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2017 arXiv

  50. [59]

    Wiktorowicz, Y

    G. Wiktorowicz, Y. Lu, Ł. Wyrzykowski, H. Zhang, J. Liu, S. Justham and K. Belczynski,Noninteracting Black Hole Binaries with Gaia and LAMOST, Astrophys. J. 905, 134 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc699 [arXiv:2006.08317 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2020 arXiv

  51. [60]

    Janssens, T

    S. Janssens, T. Shenar, H. Sana, S. Faigler, N. Langer, P . Marchant, T. Mazeh, C. Schürmann and S. Shahaf, Uncover- ing astrometric black hole binaries with massive main-sequence companions with Gaia Astron. Astrophys. 658, A129 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/20214...

    2022 arXiv

  52. [61]

    Chawla, S

    C. Chawla, S. Chatterjee, N. Shah and K. Breivik, Detecting Detached Black Hole Binaries through Photometric Variability, Astrophys. J. 975, 163 (2024), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7b0b [arXiv:2310.16891 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2024 arXiv

  53. [62]

    K. C. Sahu et al. [OGLE, MOA, PLANET, µFUN, MiNDSTEp Consortium and RoboNet], An Isolated Stellar-mass Black Hole Detected through Astrometric Microlensing, Astrophys. J. 933, 83 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac739e [arXiv:2201.13296 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2022 arXiv

  54. [63]

    D. P . Bennett, A. C. Becker, J. L. Quinn, A. B. Tomaney, C. Alcocket al., Gravitational microlensing events due to stellar mass black holes, Astrophys. J. 579, 639-659 (2002), https://doi.org/10.1086/342225 [arXiv:astro-ph/0109467 [astro-ph]]

    2002 arXiv

  55. [64]

    Poindexter, C

    S. Poindexter, C. Afonso, D. P . Bennett, J. F. Glicenstein, A. Gould, M. K. Szymanski and A. Udalski, Systematic analysis of 22 microlensing parallax candidates , Astrophys. J. 633, 914-930 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1086/468182 [arXiv:astro-ph/0506183 [astro-ph]]

    2005 arXiv

  56. [65]

    Wyrzykowski and I

    L. Wyrzykowski and I. Mandel, Constraining the masses of microlensing black holes and the mass gap with Gaia DR2 Astron. Astrophys. 636, A20 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935842 [arXiv:1904.07789 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2020 arXiv

  57. [66]

    V . F. Shvartsman, Soviet Astron. AJ 15, 377 (1971)

    1971

  58. [67]

    Meszaros, Radiation from spherical accretion onto black holes, Astron

    P . Meszaros, Radiation from spherical accretion onto black holes, Astron. Astrophys. 44, 59-68 (1975)

    1975

  59. [68]

    McDowell, Accretion radiation from nearby isolated black holes , Mon

    J. McDowell, Accretion radiation from nearby isolated black holes , Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 217, 77-85 (1985) https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/217.1.77

    1985 doi

  60. [69]

    Campana and M

    S. Campana and M. C. Pardi, Do molecular clouds contain accreting black holes?, Astron. Astrophys. 277, 477 (1993)

    1993

  61. [70]

    Fujita, S

    Y. Fujita, S. Inoue, T. Nakamura, T. Manmoto and K. E. Nakamura,Emission from isolated black holes and MACHOs accreting from the interstellar medium, Astrophys. J. Lett. 495, L85 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1086/311220 [arXiv:astro-ph/9712284 [astro-ph]]

    1998 arXiv

  62. [71]

    Tsuna, N

    D. Tsuna, N. Kawanaka and T. Totani,X-ray Detectability of Accreting Isolated Black Holes in Our Galaxy, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 477, 791-801 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty699 [arXiv:1801.04667 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2018 arXiv

  63. [72]

    S. S. Kimura, K. Kashiyama and K. Hotokezaka, Multiwavelength Emission from Magnetically Arrested Disks around Isolated Black Holes, Astrophys. J. Lett. 922, L15 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac35dc [arXiv:2109.14389 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2021 arXiv

  64. [73]

    Murchikova and K

    L. Murchikova and K. Sahu, Observability of Isolated Stellar-mass Black Holes , Astrophys. J. Lett. 988, L12 (2025), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ade7f8 [arXiv:2506.20711 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2025 arXiv

  65. [74]

    L. I. Petrich, S. L. Shapiro, R. F. Stark and S. A. Teukolsky, Accretion onto a Moving Black Hole: A Fully Relativistic Treatment , Astrophys. J. 336, 313-349 (1989), https://doi.org/10.1086/167013

    1989 doi

  66. [75]

    N. Kaaz, A. Murguia-Berthier, K. Chatterjee, M. T. P . Liska and A. Tchekhovskoy, Jet Formation in 3D GRMHD Simulations of Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton Accretion, Astrophys. J. 950, 31 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc7a1 [arXiv:2201.11753 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2023 arXiv

  67. [76]

    Galishnikova, A

    A. Galishnikova, A. Philippov, E. Quataert, K. Chatterjee and M. Liska, Strongly Magnetized Accretion with Low Angular Momentum Produces a Weak Jet, Astrophys. J. 978, 148 (2025), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9926 [arXiv:2409.11486 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2025 arXiv

  68. [77]

    Kim and E

    Y. Kim and E. R. Most,General relativistic magnetized Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton accretion with a spin-field misalignment: Jet nutation, polarity reversals, and Magnus drag, Phys. Rev. D 111, 083025 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.083025 [arXiv:2409.12359 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2025 arXiv

  69. [78]

    B. P . Abbottet al. [LIGO Scientific and Virgo], Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 [arXiv:1602.03837 [gr-qc]]

    2016 arXiv

  70. [79]

    Abbott et al

    R. Abbott et al. [KAGRA, VIRGO and LIGO Scientific], GWTC-3: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the Second Part of the Third Observing Run, Phys. Rev. X 13, 041039 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.041039 [arXiv:2111.03606 [gr-qc]]. Version...

    2023 arXiv

  71. [80]

    C. D. Bailyn, R. K. Jain, P . Coppi and J. A. Orosz, The Mass distribution of stellar black holes , Astrophys. J. 499, 367 (1998), https://doi.org/10.1086/305614 [arXiv:astro-ph/9708032 [astro-ph]]

    1998 arXiv

  72. [81]

    F. Ozel, D. Psaltis, R. Narayan and J. E. McClintock, The Black Hole Mass Distribution in the Galaxy, Astrophys. J. 725, 1918-1927 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/1918 [arXiv:1006.2834 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2010 arXiv

  73. [82]

    W. M. Farr, N. Sravan, A. Cantrell, L. Kreidberg, C. D. Bailyn, I. Mandel and V . Kalogera,The Mass Distribution of Stellar-Mass Black Holes, Astrophys. J. 741, 103 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/103 [arXiv:1011.1459 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2011 arXiv

  74. [83]

    C. L. Fryer, K. Belczynski, G. Wiktorowicz, M. Dominik, V . Kalogera and D. E. Holz,Compact Remnant Mass Function: Depen- dence on the Explosion Mechanism and Metallicity , Astrophys. J. 749, 91 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/91 [arXiv:1110.1726 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2012 arXiv

  75. [84]

    Belczynski, G

    K. Belczynski, G. Wiktorowicz, C. Fryer, D. Holz and V . Kalogera,Missing Black Holes Unveil The Supernova Explosion Mechanism, Astrophys. J. 757, 91 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/91 [arXiv:1110.1635 [astro-ph.GA]]

    2012 arXiv

  76. [85]

    C. L. Fryer, A. Olejak and K. Belczynski, The Effect of Supernova Convection On Neutron Star and Black Hole Masses, Astrophys. J. 931, 94 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6ac9 [arXiv:2204.13025 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2022 arXiv

  77. [86]

    Podsiadlowski, N

    P . Podsiadlowski, N. Langer, A. J. T. Poelarends, S. Rappaport, A. Heger and E. Pfahl,The effects of binary evolution on the dynamics of core collapse and neutron - star kicks, Astrophys. J. 612, 1044-1051 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1086/421713 [arXiv:astro-ph/0309588 [astro-ph]]

    2004 arXiv

  78. [87]

    Mandel and B

    I. Mandel and B. Müller, Simple recipes for compact remnant masses and natal kicks, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 499, 3214-3221 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3043 [arXiv:2006.08360 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2020 arXiv

  79. [88]

    Burrows, T

    A. Burrows, T. Wang, D. Vartanyan and M. S. B. Coleman, A Theory for Neutron Star and Black Hole Kicks and Induced Spins , Astrophys. J. 963, 63 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2353 [arXiv:2311.12109 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2024 arXiv

  80. [89]

    C. L. Fryer and V . Kalogera,Theoretical black hole mass distributions, Astrophys. J. 554, 548-560 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1086/321359 [arXiv:astro-ph/9911312 [astro-ph]]

    2001 arXiv

  81. [90]

    J. C. Siegel, I. Kiato, V . Kalogera, C. P . L. Berry, T. J. Maccarone,et al. Investigating the Lower Mass Gap with Low-mass X-Ray Binary Population Synthesis, Astrophys. J. 954, 212 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ace9d9 [arXiv:2209.06844 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2023 arXiv

  82. [91]

    Kreidberg, C

    L. Kreidberg, C. D. Bailyn, W. M. Farr and V . Kalogera,Mass Measurements of Black Holes in X-Ray Transients: Is There a Mass Gap?, Astrophys. J. 757, 36 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/36 [arXiv:1205.1805 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2012 arXiv

  83. [92]

    A. M. Farah, M. Fishbach, R. Essick, D. E. Holz and S. Galaudage, Bridging the Gap: Categorizing Gravitational-wave Events at the Transition between Neutron Stars and Black Holes, Astrophys. J. 931, 108 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac5f03 [arXiv:2111.03498 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2022 arXiv

  84. [93]

    Abbott et al

    R. Abbott et al. [KAGRA, VIRGO and LIGO Scientific], Population of Merging Compact Binaries Inferred Using Gravitational Waves through GWTC-3, Phys. Rev. X 13, 011048 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.13.011048 [arXiv:2111.03634 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2023 arXiv

  85. [94]

    A. G. Abac et al. [LIGO Scientific, KAGRA and VIRGO], Observation of Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of a 2.5–4.5 M⊙ Com- pact Object and a Neutron Star, Astrophys. J. Lett. 970, L34 (2024), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad5beb [arXiv:2404.04248 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2024 arXiv

  86. [95]

    A. Ray, W. Farr and V . Kalogera, Hiding Out at the Low End: No Gap and a Peak in the Black-Hole Mass Spectrum , https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.09099 [arXiv:2507.09099 [astro-ph.HE]]

    doi arXiv

  87. [96]

    Fishbach, K

    M. Fishbach, K. Breivik, R. Willcox and L. A. C. van Son,Where are Gaia’s small black holes?, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.08986 [arXiv:2508.08986 [astro-ph.HE]]

    doi arXiv

  88. [97]

    W. Song, Z. Xinlin, F. Fabo, G. Hongwei, S. Yonget al., A potential mass-gap black hole in a wide binary with a circular orbit, Nature Astron. 8, 1583-1591 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02359-9 [arXiv:2409.06352 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2024 arXiv

  89. [98]

    I. D. Novikov and K. S. Thorne, Astrophysics of black holes in Black holes (Eds. C. DeWitt and B. DeWitt, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1973), pp 343-450

    1973

  90. [99]

    D. N. Page and K. S. Thorne, Disk-Accretion onto a Black Hole. Time-Averaged Structure of Accretion Disk, Astrophys. J. 191, 499-506 (1974), https://doi.org/10.1086/152990

    1974 doi

  91. [100]

    K. S. Thorne, Disk accretion onto a black hole. 2. Evolution of the hole , Astrophys. J. 191, 507-520 (1974), https://doi.org/10.1086/152991

    1974 doi

  92. [101]

    L. X. Li, E. R. Zimmerman, R. Narayan and J. E. McClintock, Multi-temperature blackbody spectrum of a thin accretion disk around a Kerr black hole: Model computations and comparison with observations , Astrophys. J. Suppl. 157, 335-370 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1086/428089 [a...

    2005 arXiv

  93. [102]

    Agol and J

    E. Agol and J. Krolik, Magnetic stress at the marginally stable orbit: altered disk structure, radiation, and black hole spin evolution , Astrophys. J. 528, 161-170 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1086/308177 [arXiv:astro-ph/9908049 [astro-ph]]

    2000 arXiv

  94. [103]

    Mummery, Black hole-disc coevolution in the presence of magnetic fields: refining the Thorne limit with emission from within the plunging region, Mon

    A. Mummery, Black hole-disc coevolution in the presence of magnetic fields: refining the Thorne limit with emission from within the plunging region, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 537, 1963-1972 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf060 [arXiv:2501.05843 [astro-ph.HE]]. Versi...

    2025 arXiv

  95. [104]

    S. E. Woosley and J. S. Bloom, The Supernova Gamma-Ray Burst Connection , Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 44, 507-556 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.43.072103.150558 [arXiv:astro-ph/0609142 [astro-ph]]

    2006 arXiv

  96. [105]

    S. C. Yoon, N. Langer and C. Norman, Single star progenitors of long gamma-ray bursts. 1. Model grids and redshift dependent GRB rate , Astron. Astrophys. 460, 199 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065912 [arXiv:astro-ph/0606637 [astro-ph]]

    2006 arXiv

  97. [106]

    A. R. King and U. Kolb, The evolution of black hole mass and angular momentum , Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 305, 654 (1999), https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02482.x [arXiv:astro-ph/9901296 [astro-ph]]

    1999

  98. [107]

    Valsecchi, E

    F. Valsecchi, E. Glebbeek, W. M. Farr, T. Fragos, B. Willems, J. A. Orosz, J. Liu and V . Kalogera,Formation of the black-hole binary M33 X-7 via mass-exchange in a tight massive system, Nature 468, 77 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09463 [arXiv:1010.4809 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2010 arXiv

  99. [108]

    T. W. Wong, F. Valsecchi, T. Fragos and V . Kalogera,Understanding Compact Object Formation and Natal Kicks. III. The case of Cygnus X-1, Astrophys. J. 747, 111 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/111 [arXiv:1107.5585 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2012 arXiv

  100. [109]

    Fragos and J

    T. Fragos and J. E. McClintock, The Origin of Black Hole Spin in Galactic Low-Mass X-ray Binaries , Astrophys. J. 800, 17 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/800/1/17 [arXiv:1408.2661 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2015 arXiv

  101. [110]

    Y. Qin, P . Marchant, T. Fragos, G. Meynet and V . Kalogera,On the Origin of Black-Hole Spin in High-Mass X-ray Binaries, Astrophys. J. Lett. 870, L18 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf97b [arXiv:1810.13016 [astro-ph.SR]]

    2019 arXiv

  102. [111]

    S. N. Zhang, W. Cui and W. Chen,Black hole spin in X-ray binaries: Observational consequences, Astrophys. J. Lett. 482, L155 (1997), https://doi.org/10.1086/310705 [arXiv:astro-ph/9704072 [astro-ph]]

    1997 arXiv

  103. [112]

    J. E. McClintock, R. Narayan and J. F. Steiner,Black Hole Spin via Continuum Fitting and the Role of Spin in Powering Transient Jets, Space Sci. Rev. 183, 295-322 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-0003-9 [arXiv:1303.1583 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2014 arXiv

  104. [113]

    L. W. Brenneman and C. S. Reynolds, Constraining Black Hole Spin Via X-ray Spectroscopy, Astrophys. J. 652, 1028-1043 (2006), https://doi.org/10.1086/508146 [arXiv:astro-ph/0608502 [astro-ph]]

    2006 arXiv

  105. [114]

    Dauser, J

    T. Dauser, J. Garcia, J. Wilms, M. Bock, L. W. Brenneman, M. Falanga, K. Fukumura and C. S. Reynolds,Irradiation of an Accretion Disc by a Jet: General Properties and Implications for Spin Measurements of Black Holes, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 430, 1694 (2013), https://doi.o...

    2013 arXiv

  106. [115]

    Bambi, L

    C. Bambi, L. W. Brenneman, T. Dauser, J. A. Garcia, V . Grinberg,et al., Towards Precision Measurements of Accreting Black Holes Using X-Ray Reflection Spectroscopy, Space Sci. Rev. 217, 65 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-021-00841-8 [arXiv:2011.04792 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2021 arXiv

  107. [116]

    P . A. Draghis, J. M. Miller, A. Zoghbi, M. Reynolds, E. Costantini, L. C. Gallo and J. A. Tomsick,A Systematic View of Ten New Black Hole Spins, Astrophys. J. 946, 19 (2023), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acafe7 [arXiv:2210.02479 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2023 arXiv

  108. [117]

    Fishbach and V

    M. Fishbach and V . Kalogera,Apples and Oranges: Comparing Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries and Gravitational-wave Sources, Astrophys. J. Lett. 929, L26 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac64a5 [arXiv:2111.02935 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2022 arXiv

  109. [118]

    A. A. Zdziarski, G. Marcel, A. Veledina, A. Olejak and D. Lancova,Spins of Black Holes in X-ray Binaries and the Tension with the Gravitational Wave Measurements, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.00623 [arXiv:2506.00623 [astro-ph.HE]]

    doi

  110. [119]

    P . A. Draghis, J. M. Miller, E. Costantini, L. C. Gallo, M. Reynolds, J. A. Tomsick and A. Zoghbi,Systematically Revisiting All NuSTAR Spins of Black Holes in X-Ray Binaries, Astrophys. J. 969, 40 (2024), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad43ea [arXiv:2311.16225 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2024 arXiv

  111. [120]

    Shashank, A

    S. Shashank, A. B. Abdikamalov, H. Liu, A. Nosirov, C. Bambi, I. K. Dihingia and Y. Mizuno,Measuring black hole spins with X-ray reflection spectroscopy: A GRMHD outlook, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.02583 [arXiv:2507.02583 [astro-ph.HE]]

    doi

  112. [121]

    Bambi, Testing black hole candidates with electromagnetic radiation , Rev

    C. Bambi, Testing black hole candidates with electromagnetic radiation , Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 025001 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.89.025001 [arXiv:1509.03884 [gr-qc]]

    2017 arXiv

  113. [122]

    Bambi and A

    C. Bambi and A. Cardenas-Avendano, Recent Progress on Gravity Tests. Challenges and Future Perspectives (Springer Singapore, 2024), ISBN 978-981-97-2870-1, 978-981-97-2873-2, 978-981-97-2871-8, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2871-8

    2024 doi

  114. [123]

    Bambi, A

    C. Bambi, A. Cardenas-Avendano, T. Dauser, J. A. Garcia and S. Nampalliwar,Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy, Astrophys. J. 842, 76 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa74c0 [arXiv:1607.00596 [gr-qc]]

    2017 arXiv

  115. [124]

    A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, T. Dauser, J. A. Garcia and S. Nampalliwar, Public Release of RELXILL_NK: A Relativistic Reflection Model for Testing Einstein’s Gravity, Astrophys. J. 878, 91 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1f89 [arXiv:1902.09665 [gr-qc]]

    2019 arXiv

  116. [125]

    A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, T. Dauser, J. A. Garcia, S. Nampalliwar, A. Tripathi and M. Zhou, Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis using X-ray reflection spectroscopy and a thin disk model with finite thickness , Astrophys. J. 899, 80 (2020), https://doi.org/1...

    2020 arXiv

  117. [126]

    M. Zhou, A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, H. Liu and S. Nampalliwar, XSPEC model for testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis using the continuum-fitting method , Phys. Rev. D 99, 104031 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.104031 [arXiv:1903.09782 [gr-qc]]. Ver...

    2019 arXiv

  118. [127]

    Tripathi, Y

    A. Tripathi, Y. Zhang, A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, J. Jiang, H. Liu and M. Zhou,Testing General Relativity with NuSTAR data of Galactic Black Holes, Astrophys. J. 913, 79 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abf6cd [arXiv:2012.10669 [astro-ph.HE]]

    2021 arXiv

  119. [128]

    Tripathi, A

    A. Tripathi, A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, V . Grinberg and M. Zhou, Testing the Kerr Black Hole Hypoth- esis with GX 339–4 by a Combined Analysis of Its Thermal Spectrum and Reflection Features , Astrophys. J. 907, 31 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abc...

    2021 arXiv

  120. [129]

    Tripathi, A

    A. Tripathi, A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi, V . Grinberg, H. Liu and M. Zhou,Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis with the continuum-fitting and the iron line methods: the case of GRS 1915+105, JCAP 01, 019 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1088/1475- 7516/2022/01/019 [...

    2022 arXiv

  121. [130]

    Zhang, H

    Z. Zhang, H. Liu, A. B. Abdikamalov, D. Ayzenberg, C. Bambi and M. Zhou, Testing the Kerr Black Hole Hypothesis with GRS 1716-249 by Combining the Continuum Fitting and the Iron-line Methods, Astrophys. J. 924, 72 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538- 4357/ac350e [arXiv:2106.0...

    2022 arXiv

  122. [131]

    Bambi, Testing Gravity with Black Hole X-Ray Data in Recent Progress on Gravity Tests

    C. Bambi, Testing Gravity with Black Hole X-Ray Data in Recent Progress on Gravity Tests. Challenges and Future Perspectives (Eds. C. Bambi and A. Cardenas-Avendano, Springer Singapore, 2024), pp 149-182, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2871-8_5 [arXiv:2210.05322 [gr-qc]]

    2024 arXiv

  123. [132]

    Shashank and C

    S. Shashank and C. Bambi, Constraining the Konoplya-Rezzolla-Zhidenko deformation parameters III: Limits from stellar-mass black holes using gravitational-wave observations , Phys. Rev. D 105, 104004 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.104004 [arXiv:2112.05388 [gr-qc]]

    2022 arXiv

  124. [133]

    D. Das, S. Shashank and C. Bambi, Non-Kerr constraints using binary black hole inspirals considering phase modifications up to 4 PN order, Eur. Phys. J. C 84, 1237 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13623-7 [arXiv:2406.03846 [gr-qc]]

    2024 arXiv

  125. [134]

    Yunes, K

    N. Yunes, K. Yagi and F. Pretorius,Theoretical Physics Implications of the Binary Black-Hole Mergers GW150914 and GW151226, Phys. Rev. D 94, 084002 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.084002 [arXiv:1603.08955 [gr-qc]]

    2016 arXiv

  126. [135]

    B. P . Abbottet al. [LIGO Scientific and Virgo],Tests of general relativity with GW150914, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 221101 (2016), [erratum: Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 129902 (2018)] https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.221101 [arXiv:1602.03841 [gr-qc]]

    2016 arXiv

  127. [136]

    B. P . Abbottet al. [LIGO Scientific and Virgo], Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1, Phys. Rev. D 100, 104036 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.104036 [arXiv:1903.04467 [gr-qc]]

    2019 arXiv

  128. [137]

    Abbott et al

    R. Abbott et al. [LIGO Scientific and Virgo], Tests of general relativity with binary black holes from the second LIGO-Virgo gravitational- wave transient catalog, Phys. Rev. D 103, 122002 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.122002 [arXiv:2010.14529 [gr-qc]]

    2021 arXiv

  129. [138]

    Abbott et al

    R. Abbott et al. [LIGO Scientific, VIRGO and KAGRA], Tests of General Relativity with GWTC-3, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.06861 [arXiv:2112.06861 [gr-qc]]

    doi arXiv

  130. [139]

    D. Das, S. Roy, A. S. Sengupta and C. Bambi, Probing missing physics from inspiralling compact binaries via time-frequency tracks , https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.21566 [arXiv:2507.21566 [gr-qc]]

    doi arXiv

  131. [140]

    Colleoni, N

    M. Colleoni, N. V . Krishnendu, P . Mourier, S. Bera and X. Jiménez-Forteza,Testing Gravity with Binary Black Hole Gravitational Waves in Recent Progress on Gravity Tests. Challenges and Future Perspectives (Eds. C. Bambi and A. Cardenas-Avendano, Springer Singapore, 2024), pp...

    2024 arXiv

  132. [141]

    Bambi, An interstellar mission to test astrophysical black holes, iScience 28, 113142 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113142 [arXiv:2504.14576 [gr-qc]]

    C. Bambi, An interstellar mission to test astrophysical black holes, iScience 28, 113142 (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2025.113142 [arXiv:2504.14576 [gr-qc]]

    2025

  133. [142]

    Lubin,A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 69, 40-72 (2016) [arXiv:1604.01356 [astro- ph.EP]]

    P . Lubin,A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 69, 40-72 (2016) [arXiv:1604.01356 [astro- ph.EP]]

    2016 arXiv

  134. [143]

    Lubin,The Path to Transformational Space Exploration (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2022) ISBN 978-981-12-4903-7, 978-981-12-4828-3, https://doi.org/10.1142/11918

    P . Lubin,The Path to Transformational Space Exploration (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2022) ISBN 978-981-12-4903-7, 978-981-12-4828-3, https://doi.org/10.1142/11918

    2022 doi

  135. [144]

    J. Y. Lin, C. M. de Sterke, O. Ilic and B. T. Kuhlmey, Photonic Lightsails: Fast and Stable Propulsion for Interstellar Travel , https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.17828 [arXiv:2502.17828 [astro-ph.IM]]. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained...

    doi arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed August 6, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.