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An Empirical Study of LLM-as-a-Judge for LLM Evaluation: Fine-tuned Judge Model is not a General Substitute for GPT-4

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arxiv 2403.02839 v4 pith:YWSYIFVA submitted 2024-03-05 cs.CL

classification cs.CL
keywords fine-tunedjudgegpt-4evaluationmodelmodelsachieveempirical
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Recently, there has been a growing trend of utilizing Large Language Model (LLM) to evaluate the quality of other LLMs. Many studies have fine-tuned judge models based on open-source LLMs for evaluation. While the fine-tuned judge models are claimed to achieve comparable evaluation capability with GPT-4, in this work, we conduct an empirical study of LLM-as-a-Judge. Our findings indicate that although the fine-tuned judge models achieve high performance on in-domain test sets, even surpassing GPT-4, they underperform GPT-4 across several dimensions, including generalizability, fairness and adaptability. We also reveal that the fine-tuned judge model inherently operates as a task-specific classifier, consequently imposing the limitations.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 12 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. Chain-of-Models: Cross-Model Auditing for Bias-Robust LLM Judges

    cs.CL 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Per-bias selection of a cross-family LLM auditor lifts biased-judgment accuracy from 0.805/0.824 baselines to 0.884.

  2. On the Effectiveness of LLM-as-a-judge for Code Generation and Summarization

    cs.SE 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Even the best tested LLM judge, GPT-4-turbo, frequently misjudges code correctness (e.g., 50% of wrong Java functions judged correct) but agrees moderately with humans when judging code summary quality.

  3. VLM@school -- Evaluation of AI image understanding on German middle school knowledge

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A new German middle school visual question-answering benchmark shows open-weight VLMs score below 45% overall, with especially weak results in music, math, and adversarial questions.

  4. LLM-as-a-Judge Scores Are Unreliable Optimization Signals in Closed-Loop Table Recognition

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Reference-free LLM judge scores failed to select better table-extraction outputs over eight regeneration iterations on FinTabNet and OmniDocBench; keeping the first output was safest.

  5. Towards Reliable Generative AI-Driven Scaffolding: Reducing Hallucinations and Enhancing Quality in Self-Regulated Learning Support

    cs.CY 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A multi-agent reliability check and an LLM-as-a-judge quality check both reduce hallucinations in AI-generated study scaffolds, with the multi-agent check matching human expert judgments almost perfectly.

  6. A Conceptual Framework for AI Capability Evaluations

    cs.AI 2025-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A descriptive conceptual framework with seven elements (target, task, subject, inputs, instance, measurement, result analysis) for systematizing analysis of AI capability evaluations.

  7. (Towards) Scalable Reliable Automated Evaluation with Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2026-07 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    Multi-LLM pairwise Elo ranking with adjustable consensus thresholds produces rankings of competency profiles that average Spearman ρ≈0.83 with expert judgments.

  8. Music Recommendation with Large Language Models: Challenges, Opportunities, and Evaluation

    cs.IR 2025-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A review and position paper proposing a six-dimension success framework and risk diagnostics for evaluating LLM-based music recommendation systems.

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