Pith. sign in

REVIEW 4 major objections 4 minor 217 references

Transport resistance dominates the fill factor losses in record organic solar cells

T0 review · 4 major / 4 minor · reviewed 2026-08-11 · deepseek-v4-flash

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read This paper argues that transport resistance, not recombination, is the main remaining fill-factor loss in state-of-the-art organic solar cells.

desk verdict A useful, well-argued perspective whose central claim—transport resistance dominates FF loss in record OSCs—is plausible but rests on a Green-equation baseline that the paper's own Section 8 undermines; conditional on data release and direct validation. read the letter →

arxiv 2412.13694 v1 pith:Z2K7PWKN submitted 2024-12-18 cond-mat.mtrl-sci

Chen Wang , Roderick C. I. MacKenzie , Uli Würfel , Dieter Neher , Thomas Kirchartz , Carsten Deibel , Maria Saladina This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.mtrl-sci
keywords organicphotovoltaicstransportresistancefillfactorpseudo-fillnon-fullereneacceptorschargecarriermobilitysuns-Voccollectionlosses
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper argues that the main remaining fill-factor loss in high-efficiency organic solar cells is not recombination but transport resistance: the voltage- and light-dependent cost of extracting charge carriers through a low-mobility absorber. Using the empirical Green equation with reported recombination ideality factors, the authors estimate pseudo-fill factors for 390 devices from 125 publications and find that the gap between measured fill factor and pseudo-fill factor is dominated by transport resistance even in fresh record cells. For a certified 19.1% cell the pseudo-fill factor is 87.4% against a measured fill factor of 79.6%, a 7.8-percentage-point loss attributed to transport resistance. If the claim holds, raising charge-carrier conductivity and balancing electron and hole mobilities should yield substantial efficiency gains, with one highlighted record system predicted to rise from 20.2% to about 22%.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the pair $(FF, pFF)$ connected by the empirical Green equation $FF = (v_{\mathrm{oc}} - \ln(v_{\mathrm{oc}} + 0.72))/(v_{\mathrm{oc}} + 1)$ with $v_{\mathrm{oc}} = eV_{\mathrm{oc}}/(n_{\mathrm{app}} k_B T)$. Entering the measured recombination ideality factor $n_{\mathrm{id}}$ predicts the pseudo-fill factor $pFF$, the fill factor the device would have without transport resistance; entering the apparent ideality factor $n_{\mathrm{app}} = n_{\mathrm{id}} + \alpha$, or its refined form $n_{\mathrm{id}} + \beta$, predicts the real fill factor. The transport resistance itself is defined as $R_{\mathrm{tr}} = d/\sigma$, the active-layer thickness divided by the effective conductivity, causing a voltage drop $\Delta V_{\mathrm{tr}} = J R_{\mathrm{tr}}$; the figure of merit $\alpha$ relates to $J_{\mathrm{gen}}/\sigma_{\mathrm{oc}}$ and to thickness and mobility. The difference $pFF - FF$ is the paper's quantitative measure of transport-resistance loss.

What would settle it

Take a set of fresh high-efficiency non-fullerene cells and, for each, construct the transport-free $J(V_{\mathrm{imp}})$ curve directly from suns-$V_{\mathrm{oc}}$ data; compare the $pFF$ from that curve with the $pFF$ from the Green equation using the reported $n_{\mathrm{id}}$. If the two disagree systematically, or if the difference $pFF - FF$ can be reproduced by simulating field-dependent photogeneration and recombination with injected carriers alone, the attribution of the whole gap to transport resistance would be overturned.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that transport resistance dominates the fill-factor and power-conversion-efficiency losses in the vast majority of non-fullerene-based organic solar cells, including the most efficient reported devices. The paper defines transport resistance as an internal, voltage- and light-intensity-dependent resistance $R_{\mathrm{tr}} = d/\sigma$ arising from finite charge-carrier conductivity in the active layer, and quantifies the fill-factor loss as the difference between the measured fill factor $FF$ and the pseudo-fill factor $pFF$ computed from the Green equation with the experimentally determined recombination ideality factor $n_{\mathrm{id}}$. On a dataset of 390 devices, $pFF - FF$ correlates with power conversion efficiency, and after excluding fullerene-based systems and cells with $n_{\mathrm{id}} \ge 1.5$, transport resistance accounts for most of the remaining loss. Even in a certified 19.1% binary cell the estimated loss is 7.8 percentage points; in a 20.2% record system the paper estimates that eliminating transport resistance would raise efficiency to about 22%.

Load-bearing premise

The whole quantification rests on the assumption that the pseudo-fill factor obtained by putting the measured recombination ideality factor $n_{\mathrm{id}}$ into the Green equation is exactly the fill factor the device would have without transport resistance, so that $pFF - FF$ cleanly isolates transport loss.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Even fresh record cells lose fill factor to transport resistance: the certified 19.1% cell has an estimated $pFF$ of 87.4% versus a measured $FF$ of 79.6%, a gap of 7.8 percentage points.
  • Across 390 devices from 125 publications, transport resistance, not recombination, is the dominant fill-factor and efficiency loss in most non-fullerene organic solar cells once fullerene systems and cells with $n_{\mathrm{id}} \ge 1.5$ are excluded.
  • If transport resistance were removed from the 20.2% record system D18:Z8:L8-BO, its power conversion efficiency could rise to about 22%.
  • Increasing active-layer thickness from 100 nm to 500 nm roughly doubles or triples the transport-resistance loss, so scalable printing will need ternary blends, layer-by-layer deposition, or higher-mobility materials.
  • The refined ideality factor $\beta$ lets the Green equation reproduce measured fill factors across material systems, temperatures, and light intensities, giving a simple way to predict fill factor from $n_{\mathrm{id}}$, $\alpha$, and the transport ideality factor $n_{\sigma}$.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If transport resistance is as large as this paper argues, then efforts to reduce non-radiative recombination losses at open-circuit are hitting a ceiling that only mobility and conductivity engineering can lift; the next several percentage points of efficiency are likely to come from charge transport, not from further $V_{\mathrm{oc}}$ gains.
  • The Green-equation shortcut could be tested directly on a fresh record cell by constructing $J(V_{\mathrm{imp}})$ from suns-$V_{\mathrm{oc}}$ data and comparing the resulting $pFF$ with the Green-equation prediction; disagreement would reveal recombination-related fill-factor losses misattributed to transport resistance.
  • Because the photoshunt product $R_{\mathrm{photo}}\Phi$ predicts fill factor across temperature and intensity, it could serve as a fast inline screening metric for transport-resistance losses in roll-to-roll module production, where full current-voltage analysis is impractical.
  • The paper's thickness scaling suggests a quantitative target: for a given generation current and recombination prefactor, an effective mobility above roughly $10^{-3}\,\mathrm{cm^2/Vs}$ keeps $\alpha$ below 1 in a 100 nm layer, so material discovery programmes can screen candidates against this threshold.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

4 major / 4 minor

Summary. This Perspective argues that transport resistance, rather than recombination alone, dominates the fill-factor and efficiency losses in state-of-the-art organic solar cells. The paper combines a literature meta-analysis of 390 devices from 125 publications, an analytical framework connecting continuity and diode models through a voltage- and intensity-dependent transport resistance, a practical protocol for extracting transport resistance from suns-Voc and illuminated JV data, and a discussion of figures of merit, alternative viewpoints, and mitigation strategies. The headline quantitative claims are that a certified 19.1% cell loses about 7.8 percentage points of fill factor to transport resistance (pFF 87.4% vs. FF 79.6%), and that transport resistance is the dominant FF/PCE loss in most non-fullerene devices. The theoretical sections are coherent and the experimental protocol is plausible, but the central meta-analytic claim rests on an unpublished dataset and on an approximation whose validity as a transport-free baseline is not demonstrated.

Significance. If the central claim is correct, it refocuses the OPV loss discussion from non-radiative voltage losses toward charge transport and has direct implications for material design, active-layer thickness, and processing choices. The paper provides a valuable service by unifying the transport-resistance terminology, presenting explicit equations connecting the continuity and diode models, and giving step-by-step instructions for quantifying transport resistance. The drift-diffusion simulations in Sections 3 and 8 illustrate the concept in a concrete way. However, the quantitative meta-analysis that carries the strongest claim is not reproducible from the manuscript: no per-device dataset is supplied, no error bars are propagated, and the Green-equation pFF is used without validation against the J(Vimp) reconstruction that the same paper recommends. These issues make the central quantitative statement premature, although the qualitative concept is well grounded.

major comments (4)
  1. [Section 2, Eq. (1)] The meta-analysis computes pFF from the empirical Green equation using reported nid values, then attributes pFF - FF entirely to transport resistance. This identification requires that the Green equation with the suns-Voc ideality factor equals the FF the device would have in the absence of transport resistance. The paper does not validate this equivalence for the surveyed devices, nor does it provide the underlying dataset or uncertainty propagation. Please make the 390-device data and code available, report per-device pFF values, and benchmark Eq. (1) against the J(Vimp) reconstruction of Section 5 for at least a representative subset.
  2. [Figure 2(c)] The post-hoc filtering that excludes fullerene devices and devices with nid >= 1.5 is introduced with the statement that it 'effectively filter most outliers'. Because the conclusion 'transport resistance dominates the FF and PCE loss in the vast majority of non-fullerene-based OSC devices' is derived only from the filtered subset, the filter must be justified more rigorously. Show the unfiltered analysis, report the number of excluded devices, and discuss whether the conclusion survives without this selection.
  3. [Section 8] The paper itself identifies two additional fill-factor loss mechanisms, field-dependent photogeneration and recombination with injected charge carriers, that 'have a similar appearance as the transport resistance, but have to be considered separately' and are independent of light intensity. A suns-Voc-derived nid captures recombination only at zero current and cannot detect these mechanisms. Therefore pFF - FF as computed in Section 2 may overstate transport resistance. Please quantify the possible contribution of these mechanisms to the 7.8 percentage-point gap for the 19.1% cell, or explicitly present the attributed transport loss as an upper bound.
  4. [Section 5, Eq. (21)] The J(Vimp) reconstruction described in Section 5 is the proper transport-free baseline, but the meta-analysis uses the Green-equation approximation instead. The paper says the Green equation can be used as an approximation, but no evidence is given that this approximation is accurate for modern non-fullerene devices. A comparison of pFF from Eq. (1) and from the J(Vimp) reconstruction on the same devices would be a decisive test and should be included.
minor comments (4)
  1. [Section 3 and Section 7] Several cross-references are duplicated, e.g. 'section 77.1' and 'section 88.1'; these should be corrected throughout.
  2. [Figure 7(b)] The caption refers to 'the analytical expression (Equation (4))', but the relevant expression appears to be Equation (1) or (23); please verify the equation number.
  3. [Figure 2(c)] The grey dashed line is described as showing a correlation, but no fit function, correlation coefficient, or confidence band is reported. Please provide the numerical fit parameters or remove the line.
  4. [Abstract and Introduction] The text says 'even the highest efficiency organic solar cells reported to-date', but the specific example is a certified 19.1% binary cell, not the overall record; the wording should be more precise to avoid overstatement.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 2.0 of 10

No reduction-to-input circularity: pFF-FF is an empirical Green-equation estimate with independent drift-diffusion support, but the meta-analysis leans on the authors' prior validation of the Green-equation framework.

full rationale

The central metric pFF-FF is not fitted to the measured FF. In Section 2 the paper computes pFF by inserting the independently measured suns-Voc ideality factor nid into the empirical Green equation (Eq. 1), an external benchmark from Green 1982. This is a model-based counterfactual, not a fitted parameter renamed as a prediction. Section 5 provides a direct construction of J(Vimp) from suns-Voc data as an alternative transport-free baseline, and Section 3's drift-diffusion simulations independently show that increasing mobility (removing transport resistance) raises FF toward the recombination-limited curve. The reliance on the authors' own refs 9 and 143 to state that the Green equation 'was confirmed to hold' for organic cells when the ideality factor is adapted for transport is a self-citation, but it is not load-bearing circularity: the Green equation has independent standing, and the cited framework is externally falsifiable through the J(Vimp) method and through simulation. The paper's own Section 8 noting that field-dependent photogeneration and injection-induced recombination 'have a similar appearance as the transport resistance, but have to be considered separately' is a limitation on the attribution of pFF-FF to transport, but it is a correctness risk, not a circularity, since pFF is not defined in terms of FF or of those mechanisms. No equation in the paper reduces by construction to its own input.

Assumptions & free parameters 2 free parameters · 3 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the empirical Green equation, the reported nid values from 125 papers, and the assumption that pFF computed with nid isolates transport losses. No new material entities are introduced. The framework is based on standard drift-diffusion and diode models.

free parameters (2)
  • Green equation empirical constants = FF = (voc - ln(voc + 0.72)) / (voc + 1)
    The pseudo-fill factor used to define transport loss is computed with this empirical formula. The constants 0.72 and the functional form are fitted to ideal-diode JV curves in the prior literature and are not derived in this paper. The central pFF-FF estimate depends on them.
  • Section 8 CT dissociation simulation parameters = Vbi = 1.16 V, Voc = 0.85 V, d = 100 nm, nid = 1, r = 1 nm, CT lifetime = 2.5 ns
    Hand-picked typical values used to argue that field-dependent photogeneration has a minor impact on fill factor relative to transport resistance. The conclusion that transport dominates CT dissociation is conditional on these choices, though the paper notes they are typical.
assumptions (3)
  • domain assumption The Green equation with the recombination ideality factor nid yields the fill factor the device would have in the absence of transport resistance.
    This is the load-bearing link between measured FF and transport loss. It is stated in Section 2 and supported mainly by the authors' prior work (refs 9 and 143), not by a per-device verification across the 390 surveyed cells.
  • domain assumption The recombination ideality factor nid reported in the surveyed publications is measured from suns-Voc and is an accurate description of the recombination losses entering the Green equation.
    The meta-analysis pools nid values from 125 papers without re-analysis. Publication and measurement inconsistencies across labs could bias the pFF estimates.
  • standard math Standard drift-diffusion and diode models, including the relation J = (sigma/e) grad EF (Eq. 7), accurately describe charge transport in the organic solar cells discussed.
    The theoretical sections rest on the continuity equation, QFL gradients, and diode models, which are standard device physics. These are not in question for this review.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Transport resistance dominates the fill factor losses in record organic solar cells." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/Z2K7PWKN

@misc{pith2026241213694,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Transport resistance dominates the fill factor losses in record organic solar cells},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/Z2K7PWKN}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2412.13694}
}
read the original abstract

Organic photovoltaics are a promising solar cell technology well-suited to mass production using roll-to-roll processes. The efficiency of lab-scale solar cells has exceeded 20% and considerable attention is currently being given to understanding and minimising the remaining loss mechanisms preventing higher efficiencies. While recent efficiency improvements are partly owed to reducing non-radiative recombination losses at open-circuit, the low fill factor due to a significant transport resistance is becoming the Achilles heel of organic photovoltaics. The term transport resistance refers to a voltage and light intensity dependent charge collection loss in low-mobility materials. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that even the highest efficiency organic solar cells reported to-date have significant performance losses that can be attributed to transport resistance and that lead to high fill factor losses. We provide a closer look at the transport resistance and the material properties influencing it. We describe how to experimentally characterise and quantify the transport resistance by providing easy to follow instructions. Furthermore, the causes and theory behind transport resistance are detailed. In particular, we integrate the relevant figures of merit and different viewpoints on the transport resistance. Finally, we outline strategies that can be followed to minimise these charge collection losses in future solar cells.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.13694 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Current–voltage characteristics of a solar cell [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. (a) Parameters nid, Jsc, and Voc of various organic solar cells plotted as a function of their respective PCE. (b) Different types of fill factor versus PCE of solar cells, the cityscape line represents the binning of assembled data. (c) Estimated transport resistance loss versus PCE, the grey dashed line shows the correlation. (d) Comparison of pFF and FF in OSCs (PCE > 19%) based on different donor–acceptor blends… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. FF loss due to transport resistance for solar cells grouped by: (a) active layer thickness, with devices using binary (circles) and ternary (stars) BHJ or LBL-deposited (triangles) active layers. PCE is indicated for reference; (b) active layers processed from halogenated vs. non-halogenated solvents (left of the dashed line), and spin-coated vs. non-spin-coated active layers (right of the dashed line). non-spin-coa… view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (10 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Drift–diffusion simulation based on a 200 nm thick PM6:Y6 solar cell. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_4.png]
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: JV curves of solar cells with high and low mobility, calculated using Equation (9). The schematic energy-level diagrams show that: at open-circuit, Vext = Vimp, and the QFLs are flat; at short-circuit, low mobility leads to a larger QFL gradient and difference between …
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Experimental data for transport resistance evaluation with details given in the text. (a) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (a) Current–voltage curves calculated using Equation (23). The generation current is kept constant, while [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: (a) The fill factor of PM6:Y6 shows a good correlation to the FoM [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: (a) Shifted JV curves of the PM6:Y6 solar cell at 300 K. The near-ohmic current at low forward bias increases significantly with light intensity Φ, indicating an apparent light-intensity-dependent parallel resistance. (b) Photoshunt Rphoto and total parallel resistance…
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Depending on the electrostatics of the device geometry, charge-transport losses can have different effects [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Influence of charge photogeneration on the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: The impact of recombination with injected charge carriers [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Spatial distribution of the recombination rate at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_13.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

217 extracted references · 79 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    N. M. Haegel, P. Verlinden, M. Victoria, P. Altermatt, H. Atwater, T. Barnes, C. Breyer, C. Case, S. De Wolf, C. Deline, M. Dharmrin, B. Dimmler, M. Gloeckler, J. C. Goldschmidt, B. Hallam, S. Haussener, B. Holder, U. Jaeger, A. Jaeger-Waldau, I. Kaizuka, H. Kikusato, B. Kroposki, S. Kurtz, K. Matsubara, S. Nowak, K. Ogimoto, C. Peter, I. M. Peters, S. Ph...

    2023

  2. [2]

    Ravishankar, R

    E. Ravishankar, R. E. Booth, C. Saravitz, H. Sederoff, H. W. Ade, and B. T. O’Connor, Joule4, 490 (2020)

    2020

  3. [3]

    Meitzner, U

    R. Meitzner, U. S. Schubert, and H. Hoppe, Advanced Energy Materials11, 2002551 (2021)

    2021

  4. [4]

    Y. Hu, J. Wang, C. Yan, and P. Cheng, Nature Reviews Materials 7, 836 (2022)

    2022

  5. [5]

    Cheyns, J

    D. Cheyns, J. Poortmans, P. Heremans, C. Deibel, S. Verlaak, B. P. Rand, and J. Genoe, Physical Review B 77, 165332 (2008)

    2008

  6. [6]

    T. C. M. Müller, B. E. Pieters, U. Rau, and T. Kir- chartz, Journal of Applied Physics113, 134503 (2013)

    2013

  7. [7]

    photoshunt

    Different perspectives on the transport resistance Relating the photocurrent and photovoltage for a given irradiation is one of the central tasks of solar cell device physics. Most physical models start with a generation– recombination framework, where the current at a given voltage and irradiance is split up into photogeneration and recombination terms. ...

  8. [8]

    ingredients

    Beyond transport resistance losses In this section, we will consider two loss mechanisms that also influence the fill factor – electric field-dependent charge photogeneration and recombination of photogen- erated with injected charge carriers – that have a similar appearance as the transport resistance, but have to be considered separately. Both of these ...

Show all 217 references
  1. [9]

    Entwicklung effizienter ternärer NFA-basierter organischer Photovoltaik durch Machine-Learning Meth- oden

    How to address the fill factor loss by the transport resistance? The transport resistance is caused by the interplay be- tween poor charge transport and significant rate con- stants for recombination. In the following, we briefly discuss the various options to minimise these l...

    2012

  2. [10]

    Schiefer, B

    S. Schiefer, B. Zimmermann, and U. Würfel, Journal of Applied Physics115, 044506 (2014)

    2014

  3. [11]

    Würfel, D

    U. Würfel, D. Neher, A. Spies, and S. Albrecht, Nature Communications 6, 6951 (2015)

    2015

  4. [12]

    Saladina and C

    M. Saladina and C. Deibel, Transport resistance strikes back: unveiling its impact on fill factor losses in organic solar cells (2024), 2404.06190 [cond-mat]

    2024 arXiv

  5. [13]

    K. Liu, Y. Jiang, G. Ran, F. Liu, W. Zhang, and X. Zhu, Joule 8, 835 (2024)

    2024

  6. [14]

    Wöpke, C

    C. Wöpke, C. Göhler, M. Saladina, X. Du, L. Nian, C. Greve, C. Zhu, K. M. Yallum, Y. J. Hofstetter, D. Becker-Koch, N. Li, T. Heumüller, I. Milekhin, D. R. T. Zahn, C. J. Brabec, N. Banerji, Y. Vaynzof, E. M. Herzig, R. C. I. MacKenzie, and C. Deibel, Nature Communications 13,...

    2022

  7. [15]

    S. J. Robinson, A. G. Aberle, and M. A. Green, Journal of Applied Physics76, 7920 (1994)

    1994

  8. [16]

    Wolf and H

    M. Wolf and H. Rauschenbach, Advanced Energy Con- version 3, 455 (1963)

    1963

  9. [17]

    Grabowski, Z

    D. Grabowski, Z. Liu, G. Schöpe, U. Rau, and T. Kir- chartz, Solar RRL6, 2200507 (2022)

    2022

  10. [18]

    D. Qian, Z. Zheng, H. Yao, W. Tress, T. R. Hopper, S. Chen, S. Li, J. Liu, S. Chen, J. Zhang, X.-K. Liu, B. Gao, L. Ouyang, Y. Jin, G. Pozina, I. A. Buyanova, W. M. Chen, O. Inganäs, V. Coropceanu, J.-L. Bredas, H. Yan, J. Hou, F. Zhang, A. A. Bakulin, and F. Gao, Nature Mater...

    2018

  11. [19]

    Arshad, M

    F. Arshad, M. Haris, E. S. Oh, Z. Ullah, D. H. Ryu, S. Lee, H. K. Lee, S. K. Lee, T.-S. Kim, H.-W. Kwon, C. E. Song, and W. S. Shin, Advanced Functional Ma- terials 34, 2402045 (2024)

    2024

  12. [20]

    L. Zhan, S. Li, X. Xia, Y. Li, X. Lu, L. Zuo, M. Shi, and H. Chen, Advanced Materials33, 2007231 (2021)

    2021

  13. [21]

    Jiang, S

    Y. Jiang, S. Sun, R. Xu, F. Liu, X. Miao, G. Ran, K. Liu, Y. Yi, W. Zhang, and X. Zhu, Nature Energy 9, 975 (2024)

    2024

  14. [22]

    Y. Cui, H. Yao, J. Zhang, K. Xian, T. Zhang, L. Hong, Y. Wang, Y. Xu, K. Ma, C. An, C. He, Z. Wei, F. Gao, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials32, 1908205 (2020)

    2020

  15. [23]

    J. Fu, P. W. K. Fong, H. Liu, C.-S. Huang, X. Lu, S. Lu, M. Abdelsamie, T. Kodalle, C. M. Sutter-Fella, Y. Yang, and G. Li, Nature Communications14, 1760 (2023)

    2023

  16. [24]

    Y. Cai, Y. Li, R. Wang, H. Wu, Z. Chen, J. Zhang, Z. Ma, X. Hao, Y. Zhao, C. Zhang, F. Huang, and Y. Sun, Advanced Materials33, 2101733 (2021)

    2021

  17. [25]

    B. Fan, D. Zhang, M. Li, W. Zhong, Z. Zeng, L. Ying, F. Huang, and Y. Cao, Science China Chemistry62, 746 (2019)

    2019

  18. [26]

    Q. Fan, Q. Zhu, Z. Xu, W. Su, J. Chen, J. Wu, X. Guo, W. Ma, M. Zhang, and Y. Li, Nano Energy 48, 413 (2018)

    2018

  19. [27]

    L. Hong, H. Yao, Z. Wu, Y. Cui, T. Zhang, Y. Xu, R. Yu, Q. Liao, B. Gao, K. Xian, H. Y. Woo, Z. Ge, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials31, 1903441 (2019)

    2019

  20. [28]

    W. Zhao, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, S. Li, X. Liu, C. He, Z. Zheng, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials30, 1704837 (2018)

    2018

  21. [29]

    J. Yuan, Y. Zhang, L. Zhou, C. Zhang, T. Lau, G. Zhang, X. Lu, H. Yip, S. K. So, S. Beaupré, M. Mainville, P. A. Johnson, M. Leclerc, H. Chen, H. Peng, Y. Li, and Y. Zou, Advanced Materials31, 1807577 (2019)

    2019

  22. [30]

    C. Sun, S. Qin, R. Wang, S. Chen, F. Pan, B. Qiu, Z. Shang, L. Meng, C. Zhang, M. Xiao, C. Yang, and Y. Li, Journal of the American Chemical Society142, 1465 (2020)

    2020

  23. [31]

    J. Song, L. Zhu, C. Li, J. Xu, H. Wu, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tang, F. Liu, and Y. Sun, Matter4, 2542 (2021)

    2021

  24. [32]

    R. Yu, H. Yao, Y. Cui, L. Hong, C. He, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials31, 1902302 (2019)

    2019

  25. [33]

    S. Chen, H. J. Cho, J. Lee, Y. Yang, Z. Zhang, Y. Li, and C. Yang, Advanced Energy Materials7, 1701125 (2017)

    2017

  26. [34]

    C. Li, J. Zhou, J. Song, J. Xu, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Guo, L. Zhu, D. Wei, G. Han, J. Min, Y. Zhang, Z. Xie, Y. Yi, H. Yan, F. Gao, F. Liu, and Y. Sun, Nature Energy6, 605 (2021)

    2021

  27. [35]

    J. Gao, J. Wang, Q. An, X. Ma, Z. Hu, C. Xu, X. Zhang, and F. Zhang, Science China Chemistry63, 83 (2020)

    2020

  28. [36]

    Y. Cui, H. Yao, J. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Hong, K. Xian, B. Xu, S. Zhang, J. Peng, Z. Wei, F. Gao, and J. Hou, Nature Communications10, 2515 (2019)

    2019

  29. [37]

    X. Xu, T. Yu, Z. Bi, W. Ma, Y. Li, and Q. Peng, Ad- vanced Materials30, 1703973 (2018)

    2018

  30. [38]

    Y. Cui, Y. Xu, H. Yao, P. Bi, L. Hong, J. Zhang, Y. Zu, T. Zhang, J. Qin, J. Ren, Z. Chen, C. He, X. Hao, Z. Wei, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials33, 2102420 (2021)

    2021

  31. [39]

    Zhang, L

    M. Zhang, L. Zhu, G. Zhou, T. Hao, C. Qiu, Z. Zhao, Q. Hu, B. W. Larson, H. Zhu, Z. Ma, Z. Tang, W. Feng, Y. Zhang, T. P. Russell, and F. Liu, Nature Communi- cations 12, 309 (2021)

    2021

  32. [40]

    Q. Fan, W. Su, Y. Wang, B. Guo, Y. Jiang, X. Guo, F. Liu, T. P. Russell, M. Zhang, and Y. Li, Science China Chemistry61, 531 (2018). 27

    2018

  33. [41]

    Chang, T.-K

    Y. Chang, T.-K. Lau, M.-A. Pan, X. Lu, H. Yan, and C. Zhan, Materials Horizons6, 2094 (2019)

    2019

  34. [42]

    Y. Jin, Z. Chen, M. Xiao, J. Peng, B. Fan, L. Ying, G. Zhang, X. Jiang, Q. Yin, Z. Liang, F. Huang, and Y. Cao, Advanced Energy Materials7, 1700944 (2017)

    2017

  35. [43]

    Zhang, Y

    Y. Zhang, Y. Cho, J. Lee, J. Oh, S.-H. Kang, S. M. Lee, B. Lee, L. Zhong, B. Huang, S. Lee, J.-W. Lee, B. J. Kim, Y. Li, and C. Yang, Journal of Materials Chemistry A8, 13049 (2020)

    2020

  36. [44]

    T. Yu, X. Xu, G. Zhang, J. Wan, Y. Li, and Q. Peng, Advanced Functional Materials27, 1701491 (2017)

    2017

  37. [45]

    S. Li, C. He, T. Chen, J. Zheng, R. Sun, J. Fang, Y. Chen, Y. Pan, K. Yan, C.-Z. Li, M. Shi, L. Zuo, C.-Q. Ma, J. Min, Y. Liu, and H. Chen, Energy & En- vironmental Science16, 2262 (2023)

    2023

  38. [46]

    Z. Fu, J. Qiao, F. Cui, W. Zhang, L. Wang, P. Lu, H.Yin, X.Du, W.Qin,andX.Hao,AdvancedMaterials 36, 2313532 (2024)

    2024

  39. [47]

    H. Bin, L. Gao, Z.-G. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, S. Chen, L. Xue, C. Yang, M. Xiao, and Y. Li, Nature Communications7, 13651 (2016)

    2016

  40. [48]

    M. Dong, S. Chen, L. Hong, J. Jing, Y. Bai, Y. Liang, C. Zhu, T. Shi, W. Zhong, L. Ying, K. Zhang, and F. Huang, Nano Energy119, 109097 (2024)

    2024

  41. [49]

    L. Chen, J. Yi, R. Ma, T. A. Dela Peña, Y. Luo, Y. Wang, Y. Wu, Z. Zhang, H. Hu, M. Li, J. Wu, G. Zhang, H. Yan, and G. Li, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports159, 100794 (2024)

    2024

  42. [50]

    W. Zou, C. Han, X. Zhang, J. Qiao, J. Yu, H. Xu, H. Gao, Y. Sun, Y. Kan, X. Hao, G. Lu, Y. Yang, and K. Gao, Advanced Energy Materials13, 2300784 (2023)

    2023

  43. [51]

    S. Pang, Z. Wang, X. Yuan, L. Pan, W. Deng, H. Tang, H. Wu, S. Chen, C. Duan, F. Huang, and Y. Cao, Ange- wandte Chemie International Edition60, 8813 (2021)

    2021

  44. [52]

    Liang, X

    H. Liang, X. Bi, H. Chen, T. He, Y. Lin, Y. Zhang, K. Ma, W. Feng, Z. Ma, G. Long, C. Li, B. Kan, H. Zhang, O. A. Rakitin, X. Wan, Z. Yao, and Y. Chen, Nature Communications14, 4707 (2023)

    2023

  45. [53]

    R. Zeng, M. Zhang, X. Wang, L. Zhu, B. Hao, W. Zhong, G. Zhou, J. Deng, S. Tan, J. Zhuang, F. Han, A. Zhang, Z. Zhou, X. Xue, S. Xu, J. Xu, Y. Liu, H. Lu, X. Wu, C. Wang, Z. Fink, T. P. Russell, H. Jing, Y. Zhang, Z. Bo, and F. Liu, Nature Energy9, 1117 (2024)

    2024

  46. [54]

    R. Zeng, L. Zhu, M. Zhang, W. Zhong, G. Zhou, J. Zhuang, T. Hao, Z. Zhou, L. Zhou, N. Hartmann, X. Xue, H. Jing, F. Han, Y. Bai, H. Wu, Z. Tang, Y. Zou, H. Zhu, C.-C. Chen, Y. Zhang, and F. Liu, Nature Communications14, 4148 (2023)

    2023

  47. [55]

    Gasparini, M

    N. Gasparini, M. Salvador, S. Fladischer, A. Katsouras, A. Avgeropoulos, E. Spiecker, C. L. Chochos, C. J. Brabec, and T. Ameri, Advanced Energy Materials5, 1501527 (2015)

    2015

  48. [56]

    J. Wang, M. Zhang, J. Lin, Z. Zheng, L. Zhu, P. Bi, H. Liang, X. Guo, J. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Yu, J. Li, J. Lv, X. Liu, F. Liu, J. Hou, and Y. Li, Energy & Environ- mental Science15, 1585 (2022)

    2022

  49. [57]

    H. Yu, C. Zhao, H. Hu, S. Zhu, B. Zou, T. A. D. Peña, H. M. Ng, C. H. Kwok, J. Yi, W. Liu, M. Li, J. Wu, G. Zhang, Y. Chen, and H. Yan, Energy & Environmen- tal Science17, 5191 (2024)

    2024

  50. [58]

    B. Pang, C. Liao, X. Xu, L. Yu, R. Li, and Q. Peng, Advanced Materials35, 2300631 (2023)

    2023

  51. [59]

    Y. Wei, Z. Chen, G. Lu, N. Yu, C. Li, J. Gao, X. Gu, X. Hao, G. Lu, Z. Tang, J. Zhang, Z. Wei, X. Zhang, and H. Huang, Advanced Materials34, 2204718 (2022)

    2022

  52. [60]

    J. Wang, Y. Wang, P. Bi, Z. Chen, J. Qiao, J. Li, W. Wang, Z. Zheng, S. Zhang, X. Hao, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials35, 2301583 (2023)

    2023

  53. [61]

    S. Chen, S. Zhu, L. Hong, W. Deng, Y. Zhang, Y. Fu, Z. Zhong, M. Dong, C. Liu, X. Lu, K. Zhang, and F.Huang,AngewandteChemie 136,e202318756(2024)

    2024

  54. [62]

    C. He, Z. Bi, Z. Chen, J. Guo, X. Xia, X. Lu, J. Min, H. Zhu, W. Ma, L. Zuo, and H. Chen, Advanced Func- tional Materials32, 2112511 (2022)

    2022

  55. [63]

    Y. Li, L. Mei, Z. Ge, C. Liu, J. Song, Y. Man, J. Gao, J. Zhang, Z. Tang, X.-K. Chen, and Y. Sun, Advanced Materials 36, 2403890 (2024)

    2024

  56. [64]

    T. Chen, X. Zheng, D. Wang, Y. Zhu, Y. Ouyang, J. Xue, M. Wang, S. Wang, W. Ma, C. Zhang, Z. Ma, S. Li, L. Zuo, and H. Chen, Advanced Materials36, 2308061 (2024)

    2024

  57. [65]

    J.-W. Lee, C. Sun, H. Jeon, T. H.-Q. Nguyen, T. N.-L. Phan, X. Bao, Y.-H. Kim, and B. J. Kim, Advanced Functional Materials34, 2404569 (2024)

    2024

  58. [66]

    Z. Gan, L. Wang, J. Cai, C. Guo, C. Chen, D. Li, Y. Fu, B. Zhou, Y. Sun, C. Liu, J. Zhou, D. Liu, W. Li, and T. Wang, Nature Communications14, 6297 (2023)

    2023

  59. [67]

    S. Ye, T. Chen, J. Yu, S. Wang, S. Li, J. Wang, Y. Fu, Y. Zhu, M. Wang, X. Lu, Z. Ma, C.-Z. Li, M. Shi, and H. Chen, Energy & Environmental Science17, 5137 (2024)

    2024

  60. [68]

    X. Song, H. Xu, X. Jiang, S. Gao, X. Zhou, S. Xu, J. Li, J. Yu, W. Liu, W. Zhu, and P. Müller-Buschbaum, Energy & Environmental Science16, 3441 (2023)

    2023

  61. [69]

    F. Zhao, D. He, C. Zou, Y. Li, K. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Yang, Y. Tu, C. Wang, and Y. Lin, Advanced Mate- rials 35, 2210463 (2023)

    2023

  62. [70]

    L. Ma, Y. Cui, J. Zhang, K. Xian, Z. Chen, K. Zhou, T. Zhang, W. Wang, H. Yao, S. Zhang, X. Hao, L. Ye, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials35, 2208926 (2023)

    2023

  63. [71]

    Gao, Z.-G

    L. Gao, Z.-G. Zhang, H. Bin, L. Xue, Y. Yang, C. Wang, F. Liu, T. P. Russell, and Y. Li, Advanced Materials28, 8288 (2016)

    2016

  64. [72]

    Z. Zhou, S. Xu, J. Song, Y. Jin, Q. Yue, Y. Qian, F. Liu, F. Zhang, and X. Zhu, Nature Energy3, 952 (2018)

    2018

  65. [73]

    Zhang, L

    X. Zhang, L. Qin, J. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Wei, X. Liu, X. Lu, F. Gao, and H. Huang, Angewandte Chemie133, 12583 (2021)

    2021

  66. [74]

    X. Deng, B. Huang, Y. Fang, D. Chen, Y. Cheng, S. Chen, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, S. Jeong, F. Wu, J. Liu, L. Chen, C. Yang, and Y. Chen, Advanced Functional Materials 34, 2315476 (2024)

    2024

  67. [75]

    Y. Qin, M. A. Uddin, Y. Chen, B. Jang, K. Zhao, Z. Zheng, R. Yu, T. J. Shin, H. Y. Woo, and J. Hou, Advanced Materials28, 9416 (2016)

    2016

  68. [76]

    J. Wan, X. Xu, G. Zhang, Y. Li, K. Feng, and Q. Peng, Energy & Environmental Science10, 1739 (2017)

    2017

  69. [77]

    S. Oh, D. Jeong, K. Bae, G.-U. Kim, T. N.-L. Phan, J.-W. Lee, J. Park, D. Lee, S. Cho, and B. J. Kim, Advanced Functional Materials34, 2406501 (2024)

    2024

  70. [78]

    T. Lin, Y. Hai, Y. Luo, L. Feng, T. Jia, J. Wu, R. Ma, T. A. Dela Peña, Y. Li, Z. Xing, M. Li, M. Wang, B. Xiao, K. S. Wong, S. Liu, and G. Li, Advanced Ma- terials 36, 2312311 (2024)

    2024

  71. [79]

    J. Chen, J. Cao, L. Liu, L. Xie, H. Zhou, J. Zhang, K. Zhang, M. Xiao, and F. Huang, Advanced Functional 28 Materials 32, 2200629 (2022)

    2022

  72. [80]

    C. He, Y. Pan, Y. Ouyang, Q. Shen, Y. Gao, K. Yan, J. Fang, Y. Chen, C.-Q. Ma, J. Min, C. Zhang, L. Zuo, and H. Chen, Energy & Environmental Science15, 2537 (2022)

    2022

  73. [81]

    L. Lu, T. Zheng, T. Xu, D. Zhao, and L. Yu, Chemistry of Materials27, 537 (2015-01-27)

    2015

  74. [82]

    L. Zhan, S. Yin, Y. Li, S. Li, T. Chen, R. Sun, J. Min, G. Zhou, H. Zhu, Y. Chen, J. Fang, C.-Q. Ma, X. Xia, X. Lu, H. Qiu, W. Fu, and H. Chen, Advanced Materials 34, 2206269 (2022)

    2022

  75. [83]

    L. Zhan, S. Li, T.-K. Lau, Y. Cui, X. Lu, M. Shi, C.-Z. Li, H.Li, J.Hou,andH.Chen,Energy&Environmental Science 13, 635 (2020)

    2020

  76. [84]

    J. Gao, N. Yu, Z. Chen, Y. Wei, C. Li, T. Liu, X. Gu, J. Zhang, Z. Wei, Z. Tang, X. Hao, F. Zhang, X. Zhang, and H. Huang, Advanced Science9, 2203606 (2022)

    2022

  77. [85]

    X. Yuan, Y. Zhao, D. Xie, L. Pan, X. Liu, C. Duan, F. Huang, and Y. Cao, Joule6, 647 (2022)

    2022

  78. [86]

    X. Gu, R. Zeng, Y. Hou, N. Yu, J. Qiao, H. Li, Y. Wei, T. He, J. Zhu, J. Deng, S. Tan, C. Zhang, Y. Cai, G. Long, X. Hao, Z. Tang, F. Liu, X. Zhang, and H. Huang, Angewandte Chemie136, e202407355 (2024)

    2024

  79. [87]

    Zhang, S

    Z. Zhang, S. Yuan, T. Chen, J. Wang, Y.-Q.-Q. Yi, B. Zhao, M. Li, Z. Yao, C. Li, X. Wan, G. Long, B. Kan, and Y. Chen, Energy & Environmental Science17, 5719 (2024)

    2024

  80. [88]

    X. Cao, P. Wang, X. Jia, W. Zhao, H. Chen, Z. Xiao, J. Li, X. Bi, Z. Yao, Y. Guo, G. Long, C. Li, X. Wan, andY.Chen,AngewandteChemieInternationalEdition , e202417244 (2024)

    2024

  81. [89]

    Z. Chen, S. Zhang, T. Zhang, J. Dai, Y. Yu, H. Li, X. Hao, and J. Hou, Joule8, 1723 (2024)

    2024

  82. [90]

    Zhang, Y

    D. Zhang, Y. Wu, C. Yan, P. Cheng, G. Zhang, H. Yang, and C. Cui, Advanced Functional Materials34, 2407681 (2024)

    2024

  83. [91]

    R. Sun, Y. Wu, X. Yang, Y. Gao, Z. Chen, K. Li, J. Qiao, T. Wang, J. Guo, C. Liu, X. Hao, H. Zhu, and J. Min, Advanced Materials34, 2110147 (2022)

    2022

  84. [92]

    Z. He, B. Xiao, F. Liu, H. Wu, Y. Yang, S. Xiao, C. Wang, T. P. Russell, and Y. Cao, Nature Photon- ics 9, 174 (2015)

    2015

  85. [93]

    N. An, Y. Cai, H. Wu, A. Tang, K. Zhang, X. Hao, Z. Ma, Q. Guo, H. S. Ryu, H. Y. Woo, Y. Sun, and E. Zhou, Advanced Materials32, 2002122 (2020)

    2020

  86. [94]

    Y. Zhu, D. He, C. Wang, X. Han, Z. Liu, K. Wang, J. Zhang, X. Shen, J. Li, Y. Lin, C. Wang, Y. He, and F. Zhao, Angewandte Chemie International Edition63, e202316227 (2024)

    2024

  87. [95]

    X. Duan, W. Song, J. Qiao, X. Li, Y. Cai, H. Wu, J.Zhang, X.Hao, Z.Tang, Z.Ge, F.Huang,andY.Sun, Energy & Environmental Science15, 1563 (2022)

    2022

  88. [96]

    W. Feng, S. Wu, H. Chen, L. Meng, F. Huang, H. Liang, J. Zhang, Z. Wei, X. Wan, C. Li, Z. Yao, and Y. Chen, Advanced Energy Materials12, 2104060 (2022)

    2022

  89. [97]

    Y. Tang, J. Yu, H. Sun, Z. Wu, C. W. Koh, X. Wu, B. Liu, J. Wang, Q. Liao, Y. Li, H. Guo, H. Y. Woo, F. Gao, and X. Guo, Solar RRL4, 2000396 (2020)

    2020

  90. [98]

    S.Li, L.Zhan, N.Yao, X.Xia, Z.Chen, W.Yang, C.He, L. Zuo, M. Shi, H. Zhu, X. Lu, F. Zhang, and H. Chen, Nature Communications12, 4627 (2021)

    2021

  91. [99]

    Y. Cai, Q. Li, G. Lu, H. S. Ryu, Y. Li, H. Jin, Z. Chen, Z. Tang, G. Lu, X. Hao, H. Y. Woo, C. Zhang, and Y. Sun, Nature Communications13, 2369 (2022)

    2022

  92. [100]

    Y. Sun, L. Wang, C. Guo, J. Xiao, C. Liu, C. Chen, W. Xia, Z. Gan, J. Cheng, J. Zhou, Z. Chen, J. Zhou, D. Liu, T. Wang, and W. Li, Journal of the American Chemical Society146, 12011 (2024-05-01)

    2024

  93. [101]

    L. Chen, R. Ma, J. Yi, T. A. Dela Peña, H. Li, Q. Wei, C. Yan, J. Wu, M. Li, P. Cheng, H. Yan, G. Zhang, and G. Li, Aggregate5, e455 (2024)

    2024

  94. [102]

    Z. Chen, H. Yao, J. Wang, J. Zhang, T. Zhang, Z. Li, J. Qiao, S. Xiu, X. Hao, and J. Hou, Energy & Envi- ronmental Science16, 2637 (2023)

    2023

  95. [103]

    L. Xu, Y. Xiong, S. Li, W. Zhao, J. Zhang, C. Miao, Y. Zhang, T. Zhang, J. Wu, S. Zhang, Q. Peng, Z. Wang, L. Ye, J. Hou, and J. Wang, Advanced Func- tional Materials34, 2314178 (2024)

    2024

  96. [104]

    B. Fan, F. Lin, J. Oh, H. Fu, W. Gao, Q. Fan, Z. Zhu, W. J. Li, N. Li, L. Ying, F. Huang, C. Yang, and A. K.- Y. Jen, Advanced Energy Materials11, 2101768 (2021)

    2021

  97. [105]

    D. Wang, G. Zhou, Y. Li, K. Yan, L. Zhan, H. Zhu, X. Lu, H. Chen, and C.-Z. Li, Advanced Functional Ma- terials 32, 2107827 (2022)

    2022

  98. [106]

    H. Yu, Y. Wang, C. H. Kwok, R. Zhou, Z. Yao, S. Mukherjee, A. Sergeev, H. Hu, Y. Fu, H. M. Ng, L. Chen, D. Zhang, D. Zhao, Z. Zheng, X. Lu, H. Yin, K. S. Wong, H. Ade, C. Zhang, Z. Zhu, and H. Yan, Joule 8, 2304 (2024)

    2024

  99. [107]

    L. Li, F. Meng, M. Zhang, Z.-G. Zhang, and D. Zhao, Angewandte Chemie International Edition61, e202206311 (2022)

    2022

  100. [108]

    C. Xie, X. Zeng, C. Li, X. Sun, S. Liang, H. Huang, B. Deng, X. Wen, G. Zhang, P. You, C. Yang, Y. Han, S. Li, G. Lu, H. Hu, N. Li, and Y. Chen, Energy & Environmental Science17, 2441 (2024)

    2024

  101. [109]

    Y. Wang, J. Xue, H. Zhong, C. R. Everett, X. Jiang, M. A. Reus, A. Chumakov, S. V. Roth, M. A. Adedeji, N. Jili, K. Zhou, G. Lu, Z. Tang, G. T. Mola, P. Müller- Buschbaum, and W. Ma, Advanced Energy Materials 13, 2203496 (2023)

    2023

  102. [110]

    J. Liu, W. Zhou, J. Deng, X. Geng, S. Y. Jeong, Y. Cui, H. Y. Woo, F. Wu, F. Liu, and L. Chen, Nano Energy 121, 109218 (2024)

    2024

  103. [111]

    Q. Zhu, J. Xue, G. Lu, B. Lin, H. B. Naveed, Z. Bi, G. Lu, and W. Ma, Nano Energy97, 107194 (2022)

    2022

  104. [112]

    Zhang, F

    B. Zhang, F. Yang, S. Chen, H. Chen, G. Zeng, Y. Shen, Y. Li, and Y. Li, Advanced Functional Materials32, 2202011 (2022)

    2022

  105. [113]

    H. Zhao, J. Xue, H. Wu, B. Lin, Y. Cai, K. Zhou, D. Yun, Z. Tang, and W. Ma, Advanced Functional Ma- terials 33, 2210534 (2023)

    2023

  106. [114]

    Fan, Z.-X

    J.-Y. Fan, Z.-X. Liu, J. Rao, K. Yan, Z. Chen, Y. Ran, B. Yan, J. Yao, G. Lu, H. Zhu, C.-Z. Li, and H. Chen, Advanced Materials34, 2110569 (2022)

    2022

  107. [115]

    R. Sun, T. Wang, X. Yang, Y. Wu, Y. Wang, Q. Wu, M. Zhang, C. J. Brabec, Y. Li, and J. Min, Nature En- ergy 7, 1087 (2022)

    2022

  108. [116]

    H. Zhao, H. B. Naveed, B. Lin, X. Zhou, J. Yuan, K. Zhou, H. Wu, R. Guo, M. A. Scheel, A. Chumakov, S. V. Roth, Z. Tang, P. Müller-Buschbaum, and W. Ma, Advanced Materials32, 2002302 (2020)

    2020

  109. [117]

    Y. Yue, B. Zheng, W. Yang, L. Huo, J. Wang, and L. Jiang, Advanced Materials34, 2108508 (2022)

    2022

  110. [118]

    J. Xue, H. Zhao, B. Lin, Y. Wang, Q. Zhu, G. Lu, B. Wu, Z. Bi, X. Zhou, C. Zhao, G. Lu, K. Zhou, and W. Ma, Advanced Materials34, 2202659 (2022). 29

    2022

  111. [119]

    J.Yuan, D.Liu, H.Zhao, B.Lin, X.Zhou, H.B.Naveed, C. Zhao, K. Zhou, Z. Tang, F. Chen, and W. Ma, Ad- vanced Energy Materials11, 2100098 (2021)

    2021

  112. [120]

    H. Zhao, L. Zhang, H. B. Naveed, B. Lin, B. Zhao, K. Zhou, C. Gao, C. Zhang, C. Wang, and W. Ma, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces11, 42392 (2019-11-13)

    2019

  113. [121]

    Zhang, L

    J. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Z. Xie, L. Hu, H. Mao, G. Xu, L. Tan, and Y. Chen, Advanced Energy Materi- als 12, 2200165 (2022)

    2022

  114. [122]

    J. Liu, J. Deng, Y. Zhu, X. Geng, L. Zhang, S. Y. Jeong, D. Zhou, H. Y. Woo, D. Chen, F. Wu, and L. Chen, Advanced Materials35, 2208008 (2023)

    2023

  115. [123]

    Y. Cho, B. Lee, S. Jung, S. Jeong, J. Park, G. Park, S. Yang, and C. Yang, Energy & Environmental Science 16, 6035 (2023)

    2023

  116. [124]

    Lee, Y.-H

    J. Lee, Y.-H. Seo, S.-N. Kwon, D.-H. Kim, S. Jang, H. Jung, Y. Lee, H. Weerasinghe, T. Kim, J. Y. Kim, D. Vak, and S.-I. Na, Advanced Energy Materials9, 1901805 (2019)

    2019

  117. [125]

    T.Li, Q.Wu, Z.-F.Yao, H.Bai, W.Su, R.Sun, L.Tang, Z. Bi, X. Li, W. Zhu, J. Min, Q. Fan, and W. Ma, Science China Chemistry67, 4184 (2024)

    2024

  118. [126]

    C. He, Y. Pan, G. Lu, B. Wu, X. Xia, C.-Q. Ma, Z. Chen, H. Zhu, X. Lu, W. Ma, L. Zuo, and H. Chen, Advanced Materials34, 2203379 (2022)

    2022

  119. [127]

    Y. Wu, J. Guo, W. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Chen, R. Sun, Q. Wu, T. Wang, X. Hao, H. Zhu, and J. Min, Joule5, 1800 (2021)

    2021

  120. [128]

    C. Li, X. Wu, X. Sui, H. Wu, C. Wang, G. Feng, Y. Wu, F. Liu, X. Liu, Z. Tang, and W. Li, Angewandte Chemie International Edition58, 15532 (2019)

    2019

  121. [129]

    B. Liu, H. Sun, J.-W. Lee, Z. Jiang, J. Qiao, J. Wang, J. Yang, K. Feng, Q. Liao, M. An, B. Li, D. Han, B. Xu, H. Lian, L. Niu, B. J. Kim, and X. Guo, Nature Com- munications 14, 967 (2023)

    2023

  122. [130]

    Aubele, Y

    A. Aubele, Y. He, T. Kraus, N. Li, E. Mena-Osteritz, P. Weitz, T. Heumüller, K. Zhang, C. J. Brabec, and P. Bäuerle, Advanced Materials34, 2103573 (2022)

    2022

  123. [131]

    S. Li, X. Yuan, Q. Zhang, B. Li, Y. Li, J. Sun, Y. Feng, X. Zhang, Z. Wu, H. Wei, M. Wang, Y. Hu, Y. Zhang, H. Y. Woo, J. Yuan, and W. Ma, Advanced Materials 33, 2101295 (2021)

    2021

  124. [132]

    X. Yang, Y. Wu, Y. Gao, J. Guo, W. Wang, and J. Min, Advanced Functional Materials33, 2208412 (2023)

    2023

  125. [133]

    Cheng, Q

    Y. Cheng, Q. Mao, C. Zhou, X. Huang, J. Liu, J. Deng, Z. Sun, S. Jeong, Y. Cho, Y. Zhang, B. Huang, F. Wu, C. Yang, and L. Chen, Angewandte Chemie135, e202308267 (2023)

    2023

  126. [134]

    Cheng, B

    Y. Cheng, B. Huang, Q. Mao, X. Huang, J. Liu, C. Zhou, W. Zhou, X. Ren, S. Kim, W. Kim, Z. Sun, F. Wu, C. Yang, and L. Chen, Advanced Materials36, 2312938 (2024)

    2024

  127. [135]

    Y. He, B. Wang, L. Lüer, G. Feng, A. Osvet, T. Heumüller, C. Liu, W. Li, D. M. Guldi, N. Li, and C. J. Brabec, Advanced Energy Materials12, 2103406 (2022)

    2022

  128. [136]

    F. Pan, M. Luo, X. Liu, H. Jiang, Z. Wang, D. Yuan, Q. Wang, L. Qing, Z. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zou, and J. Chen, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, 7129 (2021)

    2021

  129. [137]

    K. Weng, L. Ye, C. Li, Z. Shen, J. Xu, X. Feng, T. Xia, S.Tan, G.Lu, F.Liu,andY.Sun,SolarRRL 4,2000476 (2020)

    2020

  130. [138]

    J. Gao, W. Gao, X. Ma, Z. Hu, C. Xu, X. Wang, Q. An, C. Yang, X. Zhang, and F. Zhang, Energy & Environ- mental Science13, 958 (2020)

    2020

  131. [139]

    Y. Wei, Y. Cai, X. Gu, G. Yao, Z. Fu, Y. Zhu, J. Yang, J. Dai, J. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Hao, G. Lu, Z. Tang, Q. Peng, C. Zhang, and H. Huang, Advanced Materials 36, 2304225 (2024)

    2024

  132. [140]

    Z. Wang, H. Jiang, X. Liu, J. Liang, L. Zhang, L. Qing, Q. Wang, W. Zhang, Y. Cao, and J. Chen, Journal of Materials Chemistry A8, 7765 (2020)

    2020

  133. [141]

    J. Wang, C. Han, J. Han, F. Bi, X. Sun, S. Wen, C. Yang, C. Yang, X. Bao, and J. Chu, Advanced En- ergy Materials12, 2201614 (2022)

    2022

  134. [142]

    Kerr and A

    M. Kerr and A. Cuevas, Solar Energy76, 263 (2004)

    2004

  135. [143]

    Saladina, P

    M. Saladina, P. Simón Marqués, A. Markina, S. Karuthedath, C. Wöpke, C. Göhler, Y. Chen, M. Allain, P. Blanchard, C. Cabanetos, D. Andrienko, F. Laquai, J. Gorenflot, and C. Deibel, Advanced Func- tional Materials31, 2007479 (2021)

    2021

  136. [144]

    Göhler, A

    C. Göhler, A. Wagenpfahl, and C. Deibel, Advanced Electronic Materials4, 1700505 (2018)

    2018

  137. [145]

    M. A. Green, Solar Cells7, 337 (1982)

    1982

  138. [146]

    D.Neher, J.Kniepert, A.Elimelech,andL.J.A.Koster, Scientific Reports6, 24861 (2016)

    2016

  139. [147]

    Shockley and H

    W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, Journal of Applied Physics 32, 510 (1961)

    1961

  140. [148]

    J. Wang, Y. Xie, K. Chen, H. Wu, J. M. Hodgkiss, and X. Zhan, Nature Reviews Physics6, 365 (2024)

    2024

  141. [149]

    S. Park, T. Kim, S. Yoon, C. W. Koh, H. Y. Woo, and H. J. Son, Advanced Materials32, 2002217 (2020)

    2020

  142. [150]

    Schrödner, S

    M. Schrödner, S. Sensfuss, H. Schache, K. Schultheis, T. Welzel, K. Heinemann, R. Milker, J. Marten, and L. Blankenburg, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 107, 283 (2012)

    2012

  143. [151]

    Jiang, L

    Y. Jiang, L. Sun, F. Jiang, C. Xie, L. Hu, X. Dong, F. Qin, T. Liu, L. Hu, X. Jiang, and Y. Zhou, Materials Horizons 6, 1438 (2019)

    2019

  144. [152]

    S. Li, Q. Fu, L. Meng, X. Wan, L. Ding, G. Lu, G. Lu, Z. Yao, C. Li, and Y. Chen, Angewandte Chemie Inter- national Edition61, e202207397 (2022)

    2022

  145. [153]

    Cheng and X

    P. Cheng and X. Zhan, Chemical Society Reviews45, 2544 (2016)

    2016

  146. [154]

    Chang, Y.-T

    Y.-M. Chang, Y.-T. Hsiao, and K.-W. Tsai, Advanced Energy Materials14, 2400064 (2024)

    2024

  147. [155]

    S. M. Sze and K. K. Ng,Physics of semiconductor de- vices, 3rd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2007)

    2007

  148. [156]

    Kirchartz and J

    T. Kirchartz and J. Nelson, Physical Review B 86, 165201 (2012)

    2012

  149. [157]

    Hofacker and D

    A. Hofacker and D. Neher, Physical Review B 96, 245204 (2017)

    2017

  150. [158]

    Saladina, C

    M. Saladina, C. Wöpke, C. Göhler, I. Ramirez, O. Gerdes, C. Liu, N. Li, T. Heumüller, C. J. Brabec, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, and C. Deibel, Physical Review Letters 130, 236403 (2023)

    2023

  151. [159]

    Shockley, Bell System Technical Journal 28, 435 (1949)

    W. Shockley, Bell System Technical Journal 28, 435 (1949)

    1949

  152. [160]

    Würfel and U

    P. Würfel and U. Würfel,Physics of solar cells: from ba- sic principles to advanced concepts (John Wiley & Sons, 2016)

    2016

  153. [161]

    Nelson, The physics of solar cells (Imperial College Press, 2003)

    J. Nelson, The physics of solar cells (Imperial College Press, 2003)

    2003

  154. [162]

    Tvingstedt and C

    K. Tvingstedt and C. Deibel, Advanced Energy Materi- als 6, 1502230 (2016). 30

    2016

  155. [163]

    U. Rau, V. Huhn, and B. E. Pieters, Physical review applied 14, 014046 (2020)

    2020

  156. [164]

    M. List, J. Faisst, F. Heinz, and U. Würfel, Advanced Optical Materials11, 2300895 (2023)

    2023

  157. [165]

    Faisst, M

    J. Faisst, M. List, F. Heinz, and U. Würfel, Advanced Optical Materials10, 2200909 (2022)

    2022

  158. [166]

    Hecht, Zeitschrift für Physik77, 235 (1932)

    K. Hecht, Zeitschrift für Physik77, 235 (1932)

    1932

  159. [167]

    R. S. Crandall, Journal of Applied Physics 54, 7176 (1983)

    1983

  160. [168]

    R. A. Street, M. Schoendorf, A. Roy, and J. H. Lee, Physical Review B81, 205307 (2010)

    2010

  161. [169]

    Deibel and A

    C. Deibel and A. Wagenpfahl, Physical Review B82, 207301 (2010)

    2010

  162. [170]

    R. A. Street, Physical Review B82, 207302 (2010)

    2010

  163. [171]

    Tokmoldin, J

    N. Tokmoldin, J. Vollbrecht, S. M. Hosseini, B. Sun, L. Perdigón-Toro, H. Y. Woo, Y. Zou, D. Neher, and S. Shoaee, Advanced Energy Materials 11, 2100804 (2021)

    2021

  164. [172]

    Bartesaghi, I

    D. Bartesaghi, I. D. C. Pérez, J. Kniepert, S. Roland, M. Turbiez, D. Neher, and L. J. A. Koster, Nature Com- munications 6, 7083 (2015)

    2015

  165. [173]

    V. D. Mihailetchi, J. Wildeman, and P. W. M. Blom, Physical Review Letters94, 126602 (2005)

    2005

  166. [174]

    Stolterfoht, A

    M. Stolterfoht, A. Armin, B. Philippa, R. D. White, P. L. Burn, P. Meredith, G. Juška, and A. Pivrikas, Scientific reports5, 9949 (2015)

    2015

  167. [175]

    Stolterfoht, A

    M. Stolterfoht, A. Armin, B. Philippa, and D. Ne- her, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters7, 4716 (2016)

    2016

  168. [176]

    Kaienburg, U

    P. Kaienburg, U. Rau, and T. Kirchartz, Physical Re- view Applied6, 024001 (2016)

    2016

  169. [178]

    Shoaee, M

    S. Shoaee, M. Stolterfoht, and D. Neher, Advanced En- ergy Materials8, 1703355 (2018)

    2018

  170. [179]

    Albrecht, J

    S. Albrecht, J. R. Tumbleston, S. Janietz, I. Dumsch, S. Allard, U. Scherf, H. Ade, and D. Neher, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters5, 1131 (2014)

    2014

  171. [180]

    M. C. Heiber, C. Baumbach, V. Dyakonov, and C. Deibel, Physical Review Letters114, 136602 (2015)

    2015

  172. [181]

    E. Kim, L. Christen, and T. Kirchartz, Advanced En- ergy Materialsn/a, 2403129

  173. [182]

    Robinson, A

    S. Robinson, A. Aberle, and M. Green, Journal of Ap- plied Physics76, 7920 (1994)

    1994

  174. [183]

    Lübke, P

    D. Lübke, P. Hartnagel, M. Hülsbeck, and T. Kirchartz, ACS Materials Au3, 215 (2023)

    2023

  175. [184]

    Breitenstein, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics4, 899 (2014)

    O. Breitenstein, IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics4, 899 (2014)

    2014

  176. [185]

    Krückemeier, Z

    L. Krückemeier, Z. Liu, T. Kirchartz, and U. Rau, Ad- vanced Materials35, 2300872 (2023)

    2023

  177. [186]

    Deibel and V

    C. Deibel and V. Dyakonov, Reports on Progress in Physics 73, 096401 (2010)

    2010

  178. [187]

    T. M. Clarke and J. R. Durrant, Chemical Reviews110, 6736 (2010)

    2010

  179. [188]

    M. M. Mandoc, W. Veurman, L. J. A. Koster, B. De Boer, and P. W. Blom, Advanced Functional Ma- terials 17, 2167 (2007)

    2007

  180. [189]

    G. F. Dibb, F. C. Jamieson, A. Maurano, J. Nelson, and J. R. Durrant, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4, 803 (2013)

    2013

  181. [190]

    Kniepert, I

    J. Kniepert, I. Lange, N. J. Van Der Kaap, L. J. A. Koster, and D. Neher, Advanced Energy Materials4, 1301401 (2014)

    2014

  182. [191]

    Perdigón-Toro, H

    L. Perdigón-Toro, H. Zhang, A. Markina, J. Yuan, S. M. Hosseini, C. M. Wolff, G. Zuo, M. Stolterfoht, Y. Zou, F. Gao, D. Andrienko, S. Shoaee, and D. Neher, Ad- vanced Materials32, 1906763 (2020)

    2020

  183. [192]

    C. L. Braun, The Journal of Chemical Physics80, 4157 (1984)

    1984

  184. [193]

    Onsager, Physical Review54, 554 (1938)

    L. Onsager, Physical Review54, 554 (1938)

    1938

  185. [194]

    Noolandi, Journal of Electrostatics12, 13 (1982)

    J. Noolandi, Journal of Electrostatics12, 13 (1982)

    1982

  186. [195]

    Z. D. Popovic and E. R. Menzel, The Journal of Chem- ical Physics71, 5090 (1979)

    1979

  187. [196]

    N. C. Giebink, B. E. Lassiter, G. P. Wiederrecht, M. R. Wasielewski, and S. R. Forrest, Physical Re- view B—Condensed Matter and Materials Physics82, 155306 (2010)

    2010

  188. [197]

    Pai and R

    D. Pai and R. Enck, Physical Review B11, 5163 (1975)

    1975

  189. [198]

    N. C. Giebink, G. P. Wiederrecht, M. R. Wasielewski, and S. R. Forrest, Physical Review B—Condensed Mat- ter and Materials Physics82, 155305 (2010)

    2010

  190. [199]

    G. F. Dibb, T. Kirchartz, D. Credgington, J. R. Dur- rant, and J. Nelson, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2, 2407 (2011)

    2011

  191. [200]

    Deledalle, P

    F. Deledalle, P. Shakya Tuladhar, J. Nelson, J. R. Dur- rant, and T. Kirchartz, The Journal of Physical Chem- istry C118, 8837 (2014)

    2014

  192. [201]

    Würfel, L

    U. Würfel, L. Perdigón-Toro, J. Kurpiers, C. M. Wolff, P. Caprioglio, J. J. Rech, J. Zhu, X. Zhan, W. You, S. Shoaee, D. Neher, and M. Stolterfoht, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 10, 3473 (2019)

    2019

  193. [202]

    O. J. Sandberg and A. Armin, PRX Energy3, 023008 (2024)

    2024

  194. [203]

    Zhang, H

    R. Zhang, H. Chen, T. Wang, L. Kobera, L. He, Y. Huang, J. Ding, B. Zhang, A. Khasbaatar, S. Nanayakkara, J. Zheng, W. Chen, Y. Diao, S. Ab- brent, J. Brus, A. H. Coffey, C. Zhu, H. Liu, X. Lu, Q. Jiang, V. Coropceanu, J.-L. Brédas, Y. Li, Y. Li, and F. Gao, Nature Energy , 1 (2024)

    2024

  195. [204]

    Yan, Accounts of Chemical Research50, 2519 (2017)

    H.Hu, P.C.Y.Chow, G.Zhang, T.Ma, J.Liu, G.Yang, and H. Yan, Accounts of Chemical Research50, 2519 (2017)

    2017

  196. [205]

    Fratini, M

    S. Fratini, M. Nikolka, A. Salleo, G. Schweicher, and H. Sirringhaus, Nature materials19, 491 (2020)

    2020

  197. [206]

    Z. Xie, D. Liu, C. Gao, H. Dong, and W. Hu, Nature Reviews Materials9, 837 (2024)

    2024

  198. [207]

    A. A. A. Torimtubun, M. J. Alonso-Navarro, A. Quesada-Ramírez, X. Rodríguez-Martínez, J. L. Se- gura, A. R. Goñi, and M. Campoy-Quiles, Solar RRL 8, 2400213 (2024)

    2024

  199. [208]

    Giannini and J

    S. Giannini and J. Blumberger, Accounts of Chemical Research 55, 819 (2022)

    2022

  200. [209]

    Y. He, N. Li, T. Heumüller, J. Wortmann, B. Hanisch, A. Aubele, S. Lucas, G. Feng, X. Jiang, W. Li, P. Bäuerle, and C. J. Brabec, Joule6, 1160 (2022)

    2022

  201. [210]

    Y. Li, R. A. Pacalaj, Y. Luo, K. Ai, Y. Hai, S. Liang, K. Fan, A. A. Sergeev, R. Ma, T. A. Dela Peña, J. S. Müller, Z. Jin, P. S. Tuladhar, T. Jia, J. Wang, G. Li, K. S. Wong, W. Li, J. R. Durrant, and J. Wu, Advanced Materials , 2409212 (2024)

    2024

  202. [211]

    L. J. A. Koster, V. D. Mihailetchi, H. Xie, and P. W. M. Blom, Applied Physics Letters87, 203502 (2005)

    2005

  203. [212]

    Seemann, T

    A. Seemann, T. Sauermann, C. Lungenschmied, O. Armbruster, S. Bauer, H.-J. Egelhaaf, and J. Hauch, Solar Energy85, 1238 (2011)

    2011

  204. [213]

    Schafferhans, A

    J. Schafferhans, A. Baumann, A. Wagenpfahl, C. Deibel, and V. Dyakonov, Organic Electronics11, 31 1693 (2010)

    2010

  205. [214]

    F. F. Stelzl and U. Würfel, Physical Review B 86, 075315 (2012)

    2012

  206. [215]

    Xiong, L

    Y. Xiong, L. Ye, A. Gadisa, Q. Zhang, J. J. Rech, W. You, and H. Ade, Advanced Functional Materials 29, 1806262 (2019)

    2019

  207. [216]

    Y. Cui, C. Zhao, J. P. A. Souza, L. Benatto, M. Koehler, W. Ma, and H. Yan, Advanced Science 10, 2302880 (2023)

    2023

  208. [217]

    L. Zhu, M. Zhang, J. Xu, C. Li, J. Yan, G. Zhou, W. Zhong, T. Hao, J. Song, X. Xue, Z. Zhou, R. Zeng, H. Zhu, C.-C. Chen, R. C. I. MacKenzie, Y. Zou, J. Nel- son, Y. Zhang, Y. Sun, and F. Liu, Nature Materials21, 656 (2022)

    2022

  209. [218]

    Jiang, J

    K. Jiang, J. Zhang, Z. Peng, F. Lin, S. Wu, Z. Li, Y. Chen, H. Yan, H. Ade, Z. Zhu, and A. K.-Y. Jen, Nature Communications12, 468 (2021)

    2021

Pith tools

Reviewed August 11, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.