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Bolocam Survey for 1.1 mm Dust Continuum Emission in the c2d Legacy Clouds. II. Ophiuchus
Astrophysics · Submitted 11 Feb 2006
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim In agreement with previous studies, our survey shows that dense cores account for a very small fraction of the cloud volume and total mass.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
We present a large-scale millimeter continuum map of the Ophiuchus molecular cloud. Nearly 11 square degrees, including all of the area in the cloud with visual extinction more than 3 magnitudes, was mapped at 1.1 mm with Bolocam on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). By design, the map also covers the region mapped in the infrared with the Spitzer Space Telescope. We detect 44 definite sources, and a few likely sources are also seen along a filament in the eastern streamer. The map indicates that dense cores in Ophiuchus are very clustered and often found in filaments within the cloud. Most sources are round, as measured at the half power point, but elongated when measured at lower contour levels, suggesting spherical sources lying within filaments. The masses, for an assumed dust temperature of 10 K, range from 0.24 to 3.9 solar masses, with a mean value of 0.96 solar masses. The total mass in distinct cores is 42 solar masses, 0.5 to 2% of the total cloud mass, and the total mass above 4 sigma is about 80 solar masses. The mean densities in the cores are quite high, with an average of 1.6 x 10^6 per cc, suggesting short free-fall times. The core mass distribution can be fitted with a power law with slope of 2.1 plus or minus 0.3 for M>0.5 solar masses, similar to that found in other regions, but slightly shallower than that of some determinations of the local IMF. In agreement with previous studies, our survey shows that dense cores account for a very small fraction of the cloud volume and total mass. They are nearly all confined to regions with visual extinction at least 9 mag, a lower threshold than found previously.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | We present a large-scale millimeter continuum map of the Ophiuchus molecular cloud. | contribution 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.05 | asserted 0.99 |
| s1 | Nearly 11 square degrees, including all of the area in the cloud with visual extinction more than 3 magnitudes, was mapped at 1.1 mm with Bolocam on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). | method 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | By design, the map also covers the region mapped in the infrared with the Spitzer Space Telescope. | method 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | We detect 44 definite sources, and a few likely sources are also seen along a filament in the eastern streamer. | result 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.08 | asserted 0.85 |
| s4 | The map indicates that dense cores in Ophiuchus are very clustered and often found in filaments within the cloud. | result 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.30 | hedged possibility 0.75 |
| s5 | Most sources are round, as measured at the half power point, but elongated when measured at lower contour levels, suggesting spherical sources lying within filaments. | result 0.56 | 0.95 | 0.08 | hedged possibility 0.69 |
| s6 | The masses, for an assumed dust temperature of 10 K, range from 0.24 to 3.9 solar masses, with a mean value of 0.96 solar masses. | result 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s7 | The total mass in distinct cores is 42 solar masses, 0.5 to 2% of the total cloud mass, and the total mass above 4 sigma is about 80 solar masses. | result 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.12 | asserted 1.00 |
| s8 | The mean densities in the cores are quite high, with an average of 1.6 x 10^6 per cc, suggesting short free-fall times. | result 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.09 | asserted 0.70 |
| s9 | The core mass distribution can be fitted with a power law with slope of 2.1 plus or minus 0.3 for M>0.5 solar masses, similar to that found in other regions, but slightly shallower than that of some determinations of the local IMF. | result 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.13 | asserted 0.98 |
| s10 | In agreement with previous studies, our survey shows that dense cores account for a very small fraction of the cloud volume and total mass. | result 0.89 | 0.78 | 0.28 | asserted 0.99 |
| s11 | They are nearly all confined to regions with visual extinction at least 9 mag, a lower threshold than found previously. | result 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.20 | asserted 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
We present a large-scale millimeter continuum map of the Ophiuchus molecular cloud. Nearly 11 square degrees, including all of the area in the cloud with visual extinction more than 3 magnitudes, was mapped at 1.1 mm with Bolocam on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO). By design, the map also covers the region mapped in the infrared with the Spitzer Space Telescope. We detect 44 definite sources, and a few likely sources are also seen along a filament in the eastern streamer. The map indicates that dense cores in Ophiuchus are very clustered and often found in filaments within the cloud. Most sources are round, as measured at the half power point, but elongated when measured at lower contour levels, suggesting spherical sources lying within filaments. The masses, for an assumed dust temperature of 10 K, range from 0.24 to 3.9 solar masses, with a mean value of 0.96 solar masses. The total mass in distinct cores is 42 solar masses, 0.5 to 2% of the total cloud mass, and the total mass above 4 sigma is about 80 solar masses. The mean densities in the cores are quite high, with an average of 1.6 x 10^6 per cc, suggesting short free-fall times. The core mass distribution can be fitted with a power law with slope of 2.1 plus or minus 0.3 for M>0.5 solar masses, similar to that found in other regions, but slightly shallower than that of some determinations of the local IMF. In agreement with previous studies, our survey shows that dense cores account for a very small fraction of the cloud volume and total mass. They are nearly all confined to regions with visual extinction at least 9 mag, a lower threshold than found previously.
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