Clusters of Galaxies as a Storage Room for Cosmic Rays

P. Blasi; V.S. Berezinsky; V.S. Ptuskin

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Clusters of Galaxies as a Storage Room for Cosmic Rays

V.S. Berezinsky, P. Blasi, V.S. Ptuskin

Astrophysics · Submitted 6 Sep 1996

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim It is demonstrated that clusters of galaxies are able to keep cosmic rays for a time exceeding the age of the Universe.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 7,584 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.84 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.32 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.76 · compares with prior results 0.77 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

It is demonstrated that clusters of galaxies are able to keep cosmic rays for a time exceeding the age of the Universe. This phenomenon reveals itself by the production of the diffuse flux of high energy gamma and neutrino radiation due to the interaction of the cosmic rays with the intracluster gas. The produced flux is determined by the cosmological density of baryons, $\Omega_b$, if a large part of this density is provided by the intracluster gas. The signal from relic cosmic rays has to be compared with the flux produced by the late sources, which can be considered as a background in the search for cosmic ray production in the past. We calculate this flux considering the normal galaxies and AGN in the clusters as the sources of cosmic rays. Another potential cosmic ray source is the shock in the gas accreting to a cluster. We found that this background is relatively high: the diffuse fluxes produced by relic cosmic rays are of the same order of magnitude which can be expected from AGN in the clusters. In all cases the predicted diffuse gamma-ray flux is smaller than the observed one and the diffuse neutrino flux can be seen as the small bump at $E\sim 10^6~GeV$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux. A bright phase in the galaxy evolution can be a source of the relic cosmic rays in clusters, revealing itself by diffuse gamma and neutrino radiations. We found that the observation of a signal from the bright phase is better for an individual cluster.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	It is demonstrated that clusters of galaxies are able to keep cosmic rays for a time exceeding the age of the Universe.	result 0.96	0.72	0.78	asserted 1.00
s1	This phenomenon reveals itself by the production of the diffuse flux of high energy gamma and neutrino radiation due to the interaction of the cosmic rays with the intracluster gas.	interpretation 0.52	0.32	0.10	asserted 0.99
s2	The produced flux is determined by the cosmological density of baryons, $\Omega_b$, if a large part of this density is provided by the intracluster gas.	interpretation 0.48	0.42	0.06	asserted 0.89
s3	The signal from relic cosmic rays has to be compared with the flux produced by the late sources, which can be considered as a background in the search for cosmic ray production in the past.	background 0.76	0.16	0.05	asserted 0.87
s4	We calculate this flux considering the normal galaxies and AGN in the clusters as the sources of cosmic rays.	method 0.80	0.90	0.04	asserted 0.97
s5	Another potential cosmic ray source is the shock in the gas accreting to a cluster.	background 0.54	0.10	0.02	hedged possibility 0.92
s6	We found that this background is relatively high: the diffuse fluxes produced by relic cosmic rays are of the same order of magnitude which can be expected from AGN in the clusters.	result 0.99	0.94	0.21	asserted 1.00
s7	In all cases the predicted diffuse gamma-ray flux is smaller than the observed one and the diffuse neutrino flux can be seen as the small bump at $E\sim 10^6~GeV$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux.	result 0.98	0.81	0.22	asserted 0.97
s8	A bright phase in the galaxy evolution can be a source of the relic cosmic rays in clusters, revealing itself by diffuse gamma and neutrino radiations.	interpretation 0.80	0.27	0.19	hedged possibility 0.78
s9	We found that the observation of a signal from the bright phase is better for an individual cluster.	result 0.72	0.87	0.16	asserted 0.97

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.95 · evidence from simulation or computation 0.93.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

It is demonstrated that clusters of galaxies are able to keep cosmic rays for a time exceeding the age of the Universe. This phenomenon reveals itself by the production of the diffuse flux of high energy gamma and neutrino radiation due to the interaction of the cosmic rays with the intracluster gas. The produced flux is determined by the cosmological density of baryons, $\Omega_b$, if a large part of this density is provided by the intracluster gas. The signal from relic cosmic rays has to be compared with the flux produced by the late sources, which can be considered as a background in the search for cosmic ray production in the past. We calculate this flux considering the normal galaxies and AGN in the clusters as the sources of cosmic rays. Another potential cosmic ray source is the shock in the gas accreting to a cluster. We found that this background is relatively high: the diffuse fluxes produced by relic cosmic rays are of the same order of magnitude which can be expected from AGN in the clusters. In all cases the predicted diffuse gamma-ray flux is smaller than the observed one and the diffuse neutrino flux can be seen as the small bump at $E\sim 10^6~GeV$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux. A bright phase in the galaxy evolution can be a source of the relic cosmic rays in clusters, revealing itself by diffuse gamma and neutrino radiations. We found that the observation of a signal from the bright phase is better for an individual cluster.

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Linking High-Energy Cosmic Particles by Black-Hole Jets Embedded in Large-Scale Structures
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Black-hole jets in galaxy clusters can simultaneously account for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, IceCube's PeV neutrinos, and the non-blazar Fermi gamma-ray background.
The Direct Detection of Boosted Dark Matter at High Energies and PeV events at IceCube
hep-ph 2014-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A boosted dark matter component scattering neutral-current-like off nucleons can reproduce the three PeV IceCube cascades using a 5 PeV parent relic, a 10 GeV dark fermion, and a 5 TeV Z-prime mediator.
CROMA: a GPU-accelerated Fokker--Planck solver for modeling non-thermal emission in post-processing cosmological simulations
astro-ph.HE 2026-10 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

CROMA accelerates Fokker-Planck spectral evolution of cosmic rays on GPUs, reaching a per-node throughput of about 1600 tracers per second on NVIDIA A100 hardware, a 10x improvement over CPU.
Reconstruction of Interstellar Cosmic Ray Anisotropy via Heliospheric Propagation Modeling and SVD Inversion
astro-ph.HE 2026-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A heliospheric transport simulation plus SVD inversion recovers the interstellar cosmic-ray dipole once a circle-fitting algorithm restores the detector-blind North-South component, with Poisson count noise dominating...
Constraining High-Energy Cosmic Neutrino Sources: Implications and Prospects
astro-ph.HE 2016-07 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Non-detection of multiple high-energy muon tracks from any sky direction implies a lower bound on the local density of steady neutrino sources, which rules out rare bright blazars as the dominant source class.

Show 5 more citing papers

Demystifying the PeV Cascades in IceCube: Less (Energy) is More (Events)
astro-ph.HE 2013-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Two PeV cascade events in IceCube are inconsistent with atmospheric conventional and cosmogenic neutrino fluxes, and dedicated sub-PeV cascade searches would identify the true source fastest.
Revisiting Propagation Delays of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays from Long-lived Sources
astro-ph.HE 2025-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Propagation delays of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in extragalactic magnetic fields can match or exceed AGN duty cycles, weakening the link between detected cosmic rays and their long-lived sources.
IceCube-Gen2: A Vision for the Future of Neutrino Astronomy in Antarctica
astro-ph.HE 2014-12 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

A design study argues that a 10 km^3 expansion of IceCube, using roughly 240 m string spacing and modernized optical modules, would deliver about fivefold better point-source sensitivity and larger samples of all neut...
White Paper and Roadmap for Quantum Gravity Phenomenology in the Multi-Messenger Era
gr-qc 2023-12 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The paper lays out a community roadmap for testing quantum gravity with gamma rays, neutrinos, cosmic rays, and gravitational waves, and argues that dedicated experiments, better astrophysical modelling, and open data...
Opening a New Window onto the Universe with IceCube
astro-ph.HE 2018-05 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

IceCube's diffuse cosmic neutrino flux, whose energy density matches that of gamma rays and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, points to hadronic processes dominating the nonthermal universe.

How the literature uses it

15 arXiv papers cite this in 21 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 15 sentences without a confident label

Cites it as support 1 paper

On the other hand, clusters confine cosmic rays on cosmological time scales [ref] , and are thus expected to give rise to a harder spectrum than that of the Galaxy: $α_p=2.1$ is thus also a reasonable and motivated choice for a harder injection spectrum [ref] .

Gamma Rays from Clusters and Groups of Galaxies: Cosmic Rays versus Dark Matter · Gamma-ray Emission From Cosmic Rays · 0.99

Cites it as background 4 papers

Possible astrophysical sources including both from within our galaxy [ref] and from outside the galaxy [ref] have been considered as explanations for the origin of these high energy particles.

The Direct Detection of Boosted Dark Matter at High Energies and PeV events at IceCube · The IC events: Characteristics and possible Origins · 0.84
Many sources that may have large neutrino fluxes have been proposed, e.g., jets [ref] and cores [ref] of active galactic nuclei, the prompt [ref] and afterglow [ref] phases of gamma-ray bursts, newly-born neutron stars [ref] , early supernovae [ref] , starburst galaxies [ref] , and large-scale structures and galaxy clusters [ref] .

Demystifying the PeV Cascades in IceCube: Less (Energy) is More (Events) · Astrophysical neutrinos: plausible · 0.97
Possible candidate source populations [ref] include active galactic nuclei [ref] , galaxy clusters [ref] , gamma-ray bursts [ref] , starburst galaxies [ref] , supernovae [ref] , and tidal disruption events [ref] , among others.

Present and future constraints on flavor-dependent long-range interactions of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos · Overview · 0.94

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