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Gravitational Lensing in Astronomy
Astrophysics · Submitted 1 Dec 1998
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Although still in its childhood, lensing has established itself as a very useful astrophysical tool with some remarkable successes.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
Deflection of light by gravity was predicted by General Relativity and observationaly confirmed in 1919. In the following decades various aspects of the gravitational lens effect were explored theoretically, among them the possibility of multiple or ring-like images of background sources, the use of lensing as a gravitational telescope on very faint and distant objects, and the possibility to determine Hubble's constant with lensing. Only relatively recently gravitational lensing became an observational science after the discovery of the first doubly imaged quasar in 1979. Today lensing is a booming part of astrophysics. In addition to multiply-imaged quasars, a number of other aspects of lensing have been discovered since, e.g. giant luminous arcs, quasar microlensing, Einstein rings, galactic microlensing events, arclets, or weak gravitational lensing. By now literally hundreds of individual gravitational lens phenomena are known. Although still in its childhood, lensing has established itself as a very useful astrophysical tool with some remarkable successes. It has contributed significant new results in areas as different as the cosmological distance scale, the large scale matter distribution in the universe, mass and mass distribution of galaxy clusters, physics of quasars, dark matter in galaxy halos, or galaxy structure.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | Deflection of light by gravity was predicted by General Relativity and observationaly confirmed in 1919. | background 1.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | In the following decades various aspects of the gravitational lens effect were explored theoretically, among them the possibility of multiple or ring-like images of background sources, the use of lensing as a gravitational telescope on very faint and distant objects, and the possibility to determine Hubble's constant with lensing. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.05 | asserted 0.78 |
| s2 | Only relatively recently gravitational lensing became an observational science after the discovery of the first doubly imaged quasar in 1979. | background 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | Today lensing is a booming part of astrophysics. | background 0.97 | 0.05 | 0.11 | asserted 1.00 |
| s4 | In addition to multiply-imaged quasars, a number of other aspects of lensing have been discovered since, e.g. giant luminous arcs, quasar microlensing, Einstein rings, galactic microlensing events, arclets, or weak gravitational lensing. | background 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | By now literally hundreds of individual gravitational lens phenomena are known. | background 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.07 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | Although still in its childhood, lensing has established itself as a very useful astrophysical tool with some remarkable successes. | background 0.50 | 0.05 | 0.31 | asserted 1.00 |
| s7 | It has contributed significant new results in areas as different as the cosmological distance scale, the large scale matter distribution in the universe, mass and mass distribution of galaxy clusters, physics of quasars, dark matter in galaxy halos, or galaxy structure. | background 0.50 | 0.07 | 0.36 | asserted 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
Deflection of light by gravity was predicted by General Relativity and observationaly confirmed in 1919. In the following decades various aspects of the gravitational lens effect were explored theoretically, among them the possibility of multiple or ring-like images of background sources, the use of lensing as a gravitational telescope on very faint and distant objects, and the possibility to determine Hubble's constant with lensing. Only relatively recently gravitational lensing became an observational science after the discovery of the first doubly imaged quasar in 1979. Today lensing is a booming part of astrophysics. In addition to multiply-imaged quasars, a number of other aspects of lensing have been discovered since, e.g. giant luminous arcs, quasar microlensing, Einstein rings, galactic microlensing events, arclets, or weak gravitational lensing. By now literally hundreds of individual gravitational lens phenomena are known. Although still in its childhood, lensing has established itself as a very useful astrophysical tool with some remarkable successes. It has contributed significant new results in areas as different as the cosmological distance scale, the large scale matter distribution in the universe, mass and mass distribution of galaxy clusters, physics of quasars, dark matter in galaxy halos, or galaxy structure.
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References
How the literature uses it
25 arXiv papers cite this in 31 sentences
Papers citing it · 10 sentences without a confident label
Compares with it 1 paper
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Fifth, if a permanent pointlike light source is placed at point $P$ of Fig. [ref], then an observer at point $P'$ in the same figure will see a luminous disk (different from the Einstein ring [ref] , which the observer would see if the defect were replaced by a patch of Minkowski spacetime with a static spherical star at the center).
Lensing and imaging by a stealth defect of spacetime · Image formation by a flat-spacetime stealth defect · 0.85
Cites it as background 19 papers
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Gravitational lensing distorts the morphology of background sources due to the deflection of light [ref] .
Gravitational Lensing Effects by Galaxy Clusters on Ionised Bubble Size Distribution during the Epoch of Reionisation · Introduction · 0.99
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Gravitational lensing is a universal phenomenon that affects all forms of radiation, including electromagnetic (EM) waves [ref] and GWs [ref] .
Gravitational Lensing in More Realistic Dark Matter Halo Models · Introduction · 1.00
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Since the earliest point-mass treatment of aligned lensing, the subject has developed into a central tool for studying compact objects, testing relativistic gravity, and mapping the matter distribution and geometry of the Universe [ref] .
Gravitational Lensing in a Kasner Background: Distinguishing Wormholes and Black Holes · Introduction · 0.99
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