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Cosmological Luminosity Evolution of QSO/AGN Population
Astrophysics · Submitted 17 May 1999
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Most notably, different energy bands (optical/UV, soft X-ray, and hard X-ray) show different evolutionary trends and the hard X-ray LF in particular shows an apparent reversal of the luminosity evolution (from decreasing to increasing luminosity) at low redshifts, which is not seen in the conventional pure luminosity evolution scenario without spectral evolution.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
We apply the observed optical/X-ray spectral states of the Galactic black hole candidates (GBHCs) to the cosmological QSO luminosity evolution under the assumptions that QSOs and GBHCs are powered by similar accretion processes and that their emission mechanisms are also similar. The QSO luminosity function (LF) evolution in various energy bands is strongly affected by the spectral evolution which is tightly correlated with the luminosity evolution. We generate a random sample of QSOs born nearly synchronously by allowing the QSOs to have redshifts in a narrow range around an initial high redshift, black hole masses according to a power-law, and mass accretion rates near Eddington rates. The QSOs evolve as a single long-lived population on the cosmological time scale. The pure luminosity evolution results in distinct luminosity evolution features due to the strong spectral evolution. Most notably, different energy bands (optical/UV, soft X-ray, and hard X-ray) show different evolutionary trends and the hard X-ray LF in particular shows an apparent reversal of the luminosity evolution (from decreasing to increasing luminosity) at low redshifts, which is not seen in the conventional pure luminosity evolution scenario without spectral evolution. The resulting mass function of black holes (BHs), which is qualitatively consistent with the observed QSO LF evolution, shows that QSO remnants are likely to be found as BHs with masses in the range 10**8-5x10**10 solar masses. The long-lived single population of QSOs are expected to leave their remnants as supermassive BHs residing in rare, giant elliptical galaxies.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | We apply the observed optical/X-ray spectral states of the Galactic black hole candidates (GBHCs) to the cosmological QSO luminosity evolution under the assumptions that QSOs and GBHCs are powered by similar accretion processes and that their emission mechanisms are also similar. | method 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.05 | asserted 0.93 |
| s1 | The QSO luminosity function (LF) evolution in various energy bands is strongly affected by the spectral evolution which is tightly correlated with the luminosity evolution. | result 0.86 | 0.56 | 0.12 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | We generate a random sample of QSOs born nearly synchronously by allowing the QSOs to have redshifts in a narrow range around an initial high redshift, black hole masses according to a power-law, and mass accretion rates near Eddington rates. | method 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.03 | asserted 0.96 |
| s3 | The QSOs evolve as a single long-lived population on the cosmological time scale. | method 0.70 | 0.51 | 0.11 | asserted 1.00 |
| s4 | The pure luminosity evolution results in distinct luminosity evolution features due to the strong spectral evolution. | result 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.13 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | Most notably, different energy bands (optical/UV, soft X-ray, and hard X-ray) show different evolutionary trends and the hard X-ray LF in particular shows an apparent reversal of the luminosity evolution (from decreasing to increasing luminosity) at low redshifts, which is not seen in the conventional pure luminosity evolution scenario without spectral evolution. | result 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.60 | asserted 1.00 |
| s6 | The resulting mass function of black holes (BHs), which is qualitatively consistent with the observed QSO LF evolution, shows that QSO remnants are likely to be found as BHs with masses in the range 10**8-5x10**10 solar masses. | result 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.22 | hedged possibility 0.96 |
| s7 | The long-lived single population of QSOs are expected to leave their remnants as supermassive BHs residing in rare, giant elliptical galaxies. | interpretation 0.95 | 0.50 | 0.26 | hedged possibility 0.74 |
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Original abstract
We apply the observed optical/X-ray spectral states of the Galactic black hole candidates (GBHCs) to the cosmological QSO luminosity evolution under the assumptions that QSOs and GBHCs are powered by similar accretion processes and that their emission mechanisms are also similar. The QSO luminosity function (LF) evolution in various energy bands is strongly affected by the spectral evolution which is tightly correlated with the luminosity evolution. We generate a random sample of QSOs born nearly synchronously by allowing the QSOs to have redshifts in a narrow range around an initial high redshift, black hole masses according to a power-law, and mass accretion rates near Eddington rates. The QSOs evolve as a single long-lived population on the cosmological time scale. The pure luminosity evolution results in distinct luminosity evolution features due to the strong spectral evolution. Most notably, different energy bands (optical/UV, soft X-ray, and hard X-ray) show different evolutionary trends and the hard X-ray LF in particular shows an apparent reversal of the luminosity evolution (from decreasing to increasing luminosity) at low redshifts, which is not seen in the conventional pure luminosity evolution scenario without spectral evolution. The resulting mass function of black holes (BHs), which is qualitatively consistent with the observed QSO LF evolution, shows that QSO remnants are likely to be found as BHs with masses in the range 10**8-5x10**10 solar masses. The long-lived single population of QSOs are expected to leave their remnants as supermassive BHs residing in rare, giant elliptical galaxies.
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