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The Source of Irreversibility in Macroscopic Dynamics

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Paper breakdownThe authors' claims, conditions and measurements, as JSON Signed receiptProof this review has not been altered
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X de Hemptinne (Department of Chemistry, Catholic University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium)

chao-dyn · Submitted 31 Mar 1995

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim Strictly isolated non-equilibrium systems do not relax towards a new thermodynamic equilibrium.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv IDchao-dyn/9504001 (version 1)
Pith ID6424FII5, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review
CitationB-3001 Heverlee, Belgium), Catholic University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, X de Hemptinne (Department of Chemistry. "The Source of Irreversibility in Macroscopic Dynamics." arXiv:chao-dyn/9504001 (1995). https://pith.science/paper/6424FII5
Claim paper

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Open the compiled record

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 8,264 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.02 · states limitation 0.23 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.02 · compares with prior results 0.04 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; .

The dynamics of irreversible relaxation of non-equilibrium macroscopic systems is discussed. Arguments are developed showing that the general process is supported by two independent successive mechanisms. One is mixing and it follows pure conservative dynamics. It does not lead to thermodynamic equilibrium. The second step involves dissipation to the outside world of the information contained in the initial constraints. This step implies interactions with the surroundings. Strict isolation is excluded. The first step is only apparently irreversible. Strict irreversibility concerns only the second one. The first step is isentropic. Entropy change implies the second step. Strictly isolated non-equilibrium systems do not relax towards a new thermodynamic equilibrium.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#sentencerolethe authors' own workstates the main conclusionstrength
s0 The dynamics of irreversible relaxation of non-equilibrium macroscopic systems is discussed. background 0.80 0.31 0.05 unclear 0.60
s1 Arguments are developed showing that the general process is supported by two independent successive mechanisms. contribution 0.78 0.82 0.15 asserted 1.00
s2 One is mixing and it follows pure conservative dynamics. result 0.58 0.40 0.06 asserted 1.00
s3 It does not lead to thermodynamic equilibrium. result 0.81 0.53 0.09 asserted 1.00
s4 The second step involves dissipation to the outside world of the information contained in the initial constraints. result 0.43 0.49 0.21 asserted 1.00
s5 This step implies interactions with the surroundings. interpretation 0.77 0.25 0.06 asserted 1.00
s6 Strict isolation is excluded. result 0.53 0.27 0.10 asserted 1.00
s7 The first step is only apparently irreversible. interpretation 0.62 0.58 0.15 asserted 1.00
s8 Strict irreversibility concerns only the second one. interpretation 0.67 0.61 0.38 asserted 1.00
s9 The first step is isentropic. result 0.57 0.57 0.12 asserted 1.00
s10 Entropy change implies the second step. interpretation 0.75 0.49 0.26 asserted 1.00
s11 Strictly isolated non-equilibrium systems do not relax towards a new thermodynamic equilibrium. result 0.84 0.52 0.53 asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.69 · evidence from argument 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read
  • arXiv listing abstract v1
not examined
  • full text
  • figures and tables
  • references and citing sentences
  • relations to other papers
levels run
  • P abstract
not run
  • S sections
  • T body sentences
  • C citations
  • R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper
Original abstract

The dynamics of irreversible relaxation of non-equilibrium macroscopic systems is discussed. Arguments are developed showing that the general process is supported by two independent successive mechanisms. One is mixing and it follows pure conservative dynamics. It does not lead to thermodynamic equilibrium. The second step involves dissipation to the outside world of the information contained in the initial constraints. This step implies interactions with the surroundings. Strict isolation is excluded. The first step is only apparently irreversible. Strict irreversibility concerns only the second one. The first step is isentropic. Entropy change implies the second step. Strictly isolated non-equilibrium systems do not relax towards a new thermodynamic equilibrium.

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