Experimental test for subdominant superconducting phases with complex order parameters in cuprate grain boundary junctions

We propose and implement a direct experimental test for subdominant superconducting phases with broken time-reversal symmetry in d-wave superconductors. The critical current of 45-degree asymmetric grain boundary junctions are shown to be extremely sensitive to the predicted onset of a complex order parameter at (110)-surfaces and near magnetic impurities. Measurements in YBCO and Ni-doped YBCO junctions indicate that the symmetry at the surface is consistent with pure d-wave at all temperatures, putting limits on the magnitude and chiral domain structure of any subdominant symmetry component.