Three generations on a local vortex in extra dimensions

J.-M. Frere , M.V. Libanov , S.V. Troitsky

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classification ✦ hep-ph

keywords threeappeardimensionsextrafermionsgenerationsmodelmodes

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We develop an approach to the origin of three generations of the Standard Model fermions from one generation in a higher-dimensional theory, where four-dimensional fermions appear as zero modes trapped in the core of a topological defect, and the hierarchy of masses and mixings is produced by wave function overlaps in extra dimensions. We present a model with unbroken U(1) symmetry where three zero modes appear on an Abrikosov-Nielsen-Olesen vortex due to nontrivial scalar--fermion interactions.

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Vacuum structure of a scalar field on a torus with uniform magnetic flux
hep-th 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

Above a critical area, a complex scalar on a torus with flux M develops a non-zero coordinate-dependent vacuum expectation value, yielding 1, 2, or 6 degenerate configurations for M=1,2,3 in the lowest-mode approximation.