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Evidence for in-medium modification of the $\phi$ meson at normal nuclear density
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Invariant mass spectra of e+e- pairs have been measured in 12 GeV p+A reactions to detect possible in-medium modification of vector mesons. Copper and carbon targets are used to study the nuclear-size dependence of e+e- invariant mass distributions. A significant excess on the low-mass side of the phi meson peak is observed in the low beta gamma (=beta/sqrt(1-beta^2)) region of phi mesons (beta gamma < 1.25) with copper targets. However, in the high beta gamma region (beta gamma > 1.25), spectral shapes of phi mesons are well described by the Breit-Wigner shape when experimental effects are considered. Thus, in addition to our earlier publication on rho / omega modification, this study has experimentally verified vector meson mass modification at normal nuclear density.
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Comprehensive study of mass modifications of light mesons in nuclear matter in the three-flavor extended Linear Sigma Model
Combining the extended Linear Sigma Model with a parity doublet nucleon model, this paper predicts that most light meson masses drop in nuclear matter and favors a chiral invariant mass M0 around 0.8 GeV.
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