Pith Number

pith:HJGI3DYI

pith:2026:HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2

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Propulsion Trades for a 2035-2040 Solar Gravitational Lens Mission

Slava G. Turyshev

Solar sailing to 650 AU for exoplanet imaging requires areal densities down to 2.3 g per square meter after a 0.05 AU perihelion pass.

arxiv:2602.04198 v3 · 2026-02-04 · astro-ph.EP · astro-ph.IM · gr-qc

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Claims

C1strongest claim

For solar sailing, r_p=0.05 AU requires σ_tot ≃ 4.9 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 105 km/s and σ_tot ≃ 2.3 g m^{-2} for v_∞ ≃ 155 km/s, placing sub-20 yr sail-only access in an ultra-low-areal-density, deep-perihelion survivability regime. NEP with m0=20 t reaches 650 AU in ~27-33 yr for α_tot=10-20 kg kW_e^{-1}.

C2weakest assumption

The models assume constant power for NEP and ideal sail performance without accounting for detailed trajectory optimization, real-world degradation factors, or inner-solar-system injection overhead.

C3one line summary

To reach the solar gravitational lens at 650 AU in under 20 years requires solar sails with areal densities of 2-5 g/m² or nuclear electric propulsion with specific masses of 3-15 kg/kW_e depending on architecture.

Formal links

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Cited by

1 paper in Pith

Terraforming Mars: Mass, Forcing, and Industrial Throughput Constraints

Receipt and verification

First computed	2026-05-20T01:05:07.814467Z
Builder	pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1
Signature	Pith Ed25519 (`pith-v1-2026-05`) · public key
Schema	pith-number/v1.0

Canonical hash

3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1

Aliases

arxiv: 2602.04198 · arxiv_version: 2602.04198v3 · doi: 10.48550/arxiv.2602.04198 · pith_short_12: HJGI3DYINKDS · pith_short_16: HJGI3DYINKDS3F6Z · pith_short_8: HJGI3DYI

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Verify this Pith Number yourself

curl -sH 'Accept: application/ld+json' https://pith.science/pith/HJGI3DYINKDS3F6ZTL7YNPHBK2 \
  | jq -c '.canonical_record' \
  | python3 -c "import sys,json,hashlib; b=json.dumps(json.loads(sys.stdin.read()), sort_keys=True, separators=(',',':'), ensure_ascii=False).encode(); print(hashlib.sha256(b).hexdigest())"
# expect: 3a4c8d8f086a872d97d99aff86bce1569c18ed84a8604f027b43b38ebdb41fa1

Canonical record JSON

{
  "metadata": {
    "abstract_canon_sha256": "e5b7a9f234b0f4f9acd1374b78c203b62f800fe0864e0f04158b8283e8527e60",
    "cross_cats_sorted": [
      "astro-ph.IM",
      "gr-qc"
    ],
    "license": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
    "primary_cat": "astro-ph.EP",
    "submitted_at": "2026-02-04T04:30:42Z",
    "title_canon_sha256": "1663a4baa038f22dfefef38352ee3540b06a13872f27ae25df17ddd168d0457e"
  },
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "source": {
    "id": "2602.04198",
    "kind": "arxiv",
    "version": 3
  }
}